典型地区大气新型卤代阻燃剂污染特征、来源分析及人体暴露

利用大流量主动采样器采集了广州市天河区（23°08''56" N,113°21''30" E）和五指山国家自然保护区（18°54''02" N,109°41''24" E）两个典型地区的大气气相和颗粒相样品,测定了8种新型卤代阻燃剂（new halogenated flame retardants,NHFRs）的浓度,包括syn-DP、anti-DP、TBPH、PBEB、HBB、TBE、TBB、DBDPE.结果表明,广州大气中∑NHFRs平均浓度（335 pg·m^-3）远高于五指山（90.6 pg·m^-3）.广州大气中DBDPE为优势单体,占比为66.9%;五指山大气中NHFRs则以TBPH为主（65.8%）.季节变化上,广州的∑NHFRs浓度呈现一定季节变化,而五指山的∑NHFRs无明显季节变化,这可能与两地NHFRs的来源不同有关.结合主成分分析、风向频率和后向轨迹模型分析,发现两地阻燃剂来源有较大的差异：广州大气中NHFRs可能主要来源于电子垃圾拆解、工业输入和消费品的再挥发,而五指山大气中阻燃剂可能以外源输入为主.健康风险评价结果显示,我国大型城市大气中高浓度NHFRs的持续暴露会对城市居民健康特别是婴儿健康造成潜在危害.     

微生物燃料电池及其在废水/废弃物处理中的应用

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFC)作为一项解决环境污染同时开发可再生能源的新技术,近年来受到国内外研究者广泛关注。基于MFC工作原理,全面归纳了其典型的高效产电菌,并从阳极氧化、阴极还原两方面重点探讨了其在处理废水/废弃物的应用实例及发展潜力,最后从3个方面对MFC在环境领域的应用前景作了展望。     

Characterization of odorous charge and photochemical reactivity of VOC emissions from a full-scale food waste treatment plant in China

Food waste treatment plants (FWTPs) are usually associated with odorous nuisance and health risks, which are partially caused by volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a selected full-scale FWTP in China. The feedstock used in this plant was mainly collected from local restaurants. For a year, the FWTP was closely monitored on specific days in each season. Four major indoor treatment units of the plant, including the storage room, sorting/crushing room, hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, and aerobic fermentation unit, were chosen as the monitoring locations. The highest mean concentration of total VOC emissions was observed in the aerobic fermentation unit at 21,748.2–31,283.3 μg/m³, followed by the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit at 10,798.1–23,144.4 μg/m³. The detected VOC families included biogenic compounds (oxygenated compounds, hydrocarbons, terpenes, and organosulfur compounds) and abiogenic compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons and halocarbons). Oxygenated compounds, particularly alcohols, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. With the use of odor index analysis and principal components analysis, the hydrothermal hydrolysis and aerobic fermentation units were clearly distinguished from the pre-treatment units, as characterized by their higher contributions to odorous nuisance. Methanthiol was the dominant odorant in the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, whereas aldehyde was the dominant odorant in the aerobic fermentation unit. Terpenes, specifically limonene, had the highest level of propylene equivalent concentration during the monitoring periods. This concentration can contribute to the increase in the atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air.     

Individual particle analysis of aerosols collected at Lhasa City in the Tibetan Plateau

To understand the composition and major sources of aerosol particles in Lhasa City on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), individual particles were collected from 2 February to 8 March, 2013 in Tibet University. The mean concentrations of both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ during the sampling were 25.7 ± 21.7 and 57.2 ± 46.7 μg/m³, respectively, much lower than those of other cities in East and South Asia, but higher than those in the remote region in TP like Nam Co, indicating minor urban pollution. Combining the observations with the meteorological parameters and back trajectory analysis, it was concluded that local sources controlled the pollution during the sampling. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS) was used to study 408 particles sampled on four days. Based on the EDS analysis, a total of 8 different particle categories were classified for all 408 particles, including Si-rich, Ca-rich, soot, K-rich, Fe-rich, Pb-rich, Al-rich and other particles. The dominant elements were Si, Al and Ca, which were mainly attributed to mineral dust in the earth's crust such as feldspar and clay. Fe-, Pb-, K-, Al-rich particles and soot mainly originated from anthropogenic sources like firework combustion and biomass burning during the sampling. During the sampling, the pollution mainly came from mineral dust, while the celebration ceremony and religious ritual produced a large quantity of anthropogenic metal-bearing particles on 9 and 25 February 2013. Cement particles also had a minor influence. The data obtained in this study can be useful for developing pollution control strategies.     

Characterization of odorous charge and photochemical reactivity of VOC emissions from a full-scale food waste treatment plant in China

Food waste treatment plants(FWTPs) are usually associated with odorous nuisance and health risks, which are partially caused by volatile organic compound(VOC) emissions. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a selected full-scale FWTP in China. The feedstock used in this plant was mainly collected from local restaurants. For a year, the FWTP was closely monitored on specific days in each season. Four major indoor treatment units of the plant, including the storage room, sorting/crushing room, hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, and aerobic fermentation unit, were chosen as the monitoring locations.The highest mean concentration of total VOC emissions was observed in the aerobic fermentation unit at 21,748.2–31,283.3 μg/m3, followed by the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit at 10,798.1–23,144.4 μg/m3. The detected VOC families included biogenic compounds(oxygenated compounds, hydrocarbons, terpenes, and organosulfur compounds) and abiogenic compounds(aromatic hydrocarbons and halocarbons). Oxygenated compounds,particularly alcohols, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. With the use of odor index analysis and principal components analysis, the hydrothermal hydrolysis and aerobic fermentation units were clearly distinguished from the pre-treatment units, as characterized by their higher contributions to odorous nuisance. Methanthiol was the dominant odorant in the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, whereas aldehyde was the dominant odorant in the aerobic fermentation unit. Terpenes, specifically limonene, had the highest level of propylene equivalent concentration during the monitoring periods. This concentration can contribute to the increase in the atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air.     

浅谈加强锦州市环境监测能力建设研究

分析了目前锦州市环境监测工作所面临的形势、监测能力现状及突出存在的问题.提出了以“三个说得清”为目标,统筹协调,扎实工作,在即将到来的“十三五”,明确未来五年质量控制工作重点,加强环境监测能力建设,提升影响力,充分适应社会发展要求以及科学技术的日益进步和监测技术的不断更新,切实提高综合监测能力和整体水平,细化目标责任考核细则,切实抓好“内强素质、外树形象”工作,使环境监测工作再上新台阶.     

Floating particles with high copper concentration in the sea-surface microlayer

This study sought to clarify whether suspended particles containing high Cu concentrations are present in the sea-surface microlayer (S-SML). For this reason, suspended particles (10–2000 μm) in the S-SML were collected periodically from a ship mooring pond during 2018–2020, and the acid-soluble Cu concentration in the suspended particles was measured as particulate Cu (P-Cu). The highest concentration of P-Cu in the S-SML of the pond was 75 μg L^?1 with a 90th percentile value of 2.5 μg L^?1. This is below P-Cu values reported for the S-SML in North American ports, but 140 times higher than this found in bulk seawater in the Atlantic Ocean. The highest P-Cu concentration in the S-SML of non-organism (abiotic) origin was 17 μg L^?1, and the abiotic P-Cu to P-Cu ratio varied from 0.2 to 100%, likely depending on the quality and quantity of biogenic material in the S-SML samples. It is assumed that the S-SML particles examined here contain high Cu concentrations originating from ship antifouling paints.

     

不封底PCC能量桩与传统能量桩换热效率对比研究

PCC能量桩是一种基于PCC桩的新型能量桩技术,目前针对PCC能量桩在制冷和供热过程中的换热效率及热传导特性的研究仍相对较少。基于模型试验方法,开展循环温度作用下不封底PCC能量桩、传统能量桩的温度响应测试,实测获得桩身、桩周土热响应变化规律;继而,结合数值模拟方法,对比分析进/出水温度等因素对不封底PCC能量桩换热效率的影响规律。研究结果表明,本文试验条件下,夏季制冷模式下不封底PCC能量桩的热响应略大于传统能量桩,而冬季供热模式下差异不大;相同条件下,夏季制冷模式下不封底PCC能量桩的换热效率较传统能量桩高出24%,而冬季供热模式下仅高7%。     

曝气对遮光条件下藻类消亡的影响

以斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻为材料,分析低光照度范围内藻类光合作用特性和呼吸速率,研究曝气对遮光条件下藻类消亡过程的影响.结果表明,(25±1) ℃时斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的光补偿点分别为600、720 lx,呼吸速率分别为89、57 μmol/(mg*h);光照度低于光补偿点,藻类内源呼吸导致水体DO浓度降低;单纯遮光(光照度为0 lx)处理7 d,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻生物量去除率(以OD650计)分别为17.2%和39.1%;增加曝气措施后,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻去除率分别上升到71.3%和92.0%,曝气能有效促进藻类消亡.实验数据拟合结果证明,藻细胞消亡符合藻细胞内源呼吸-衰减模型.     

超临界CO2回收线路板工艺研究

用正交试验设计进行了超临界CO2回收废弃印刷线路板的实验。以温度、压强、时间和夹带剂为实验因素,通过对实验前后样本在重量、厚度、弯曲强度和断裂强度四方面变化的分析考察了各实验因素对实验效果的影响。实验结果表明,影响超临界CO2法回收印刷线路板的最主要因素为温度、时间和夹带剂,超临界CO2法回收废弃印刷线路板的最佳工艺条件：温度270℃,压强大于7．38MPa,时间3h,夹带剂（水）160mL。实验进一步验证了压强对实验结果的非显著性影响。