The residues, distribution, and partition of organochlorine pesticides in the water, suspended solids, and sediments from a large Chinese lake (Lake Chaohu) during the high water level period

The levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the water, suspended solids, and sediments from Lake Chaohu during the high water level period were measured by a solid-phase extraction gas chromatograph–electron capture detector. The spatial distributions of the three phases and the water/suspended solids and sediment/water partition coefficients were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) The mean contents of OCPs in the water, suspended solids, and sediments were 132.4?±?432.1 ng/L, 188.1?±?286.7 ng/g dry weight (dw), and 13.7?±?9.8 ng/g dw, respectively. The dominant OCP components were isodrin (85.1 %) for the water, DDTs (64.4 %) for the suspended solids, and both isodrin (48.5 %) and DDTs (31.8 %) for the sediments. (2) β-HCH was the primary isomer of HCHs in the water and sediments, and the proportions were 61.7 and 41.3 %; γ-HCH was the primary isomer in the suspended solids, accounting for 49.3 %; p,p′-DDT was the dominant content of DDTs in the water and suspended solids, whereas p,p′-DDD was the main metabolite of DDTs in the sediments. (3) The concentrations of contaminants in the water from the western lake were greater than those from the eastern lake, but the concentrations in the suspended solids from the western lake were less than those from the eastern lake. (4) There was no significant correlation between the water–suspended solids partition coefficient K _d and the n-octanol–water partition coefficient K _ow, and between the sediment–water organic-C weighted sorption coefficients K _oc and K _ow.     

Effects of input uncertainty and variability on the modelled environmental fate of organic pollutants under global climate change scenarios

Global climate change (GCC) is expected to influence the fate, exposure and risks of organic pollutants to wildlife and humans. Multimedia chemical fate models have been previously applied to estimate how GCC affects pollutant concentrations in the environment and biota, but previous studies have not addressed how uncertainty and variability of model inputs affect model predictions. Here, we assess the influence of climate variability and chemical property uncertainty on future projections of environmental fate of six polychlorinated biphenyl congeners under different GCC scenarios using a spreadsheet version of the ChemCAN model and the Crystal Ball® software. Regardless of emission mode, results demonstrate: (i) uncertainty in degradation half-lives dominates the variance of modelled absolute levels of PCB congeners under GCC scenarios; (ii) when the ratios of predictions under GCC to predictions under present day climate are modelled, climate variability dominates the variance of modelled ratios; and (iii) the ratios also indicate a maximum of about a factor of 2 change in the long-term average environmental concentrations due to GCC that is forecasted between present conditions and the period between 2080 and 2099. We conclude that chemical property uncertainty does not preclude assessing relative changes in a GCC scenario compared to a present-day scenario if variance in model outputs due to chemical properties and degradation half-lives can be assumed to cancel out in the two scenarios.     

固定化微生物修复石油污染土壤影响因素研究

针对石油污染土壤修复,利用实验室已筛选的高效石油降解单菌SM-3,以天然有机材料为载体,吸附法制备固定化微生物。将游离与固定化微生物应用于室内花盆模拟修复石油污染土壤,对C/N/P、微生物投加量、石油含量、氧化剂和表面活性剂设计5因素4水平正交实验,探讨不同修复时期各影响因素的重要性顺序,最佳条件下各菌株的修复效果。结果表明,不同微生物在不同降解时期,各影响因素的重要性会发生变化;经过21 d的修复,固定化单菌SM-3石油降解率为22.77%,修复过程中,接种量是最重要的影响因素,营养元素N、P投加影响较大,表面活性剂和氧化剂影响次之。     

改善环保疏浚底泥脱水干化效能的实验研究

采用以硫酸亚铁(FeSO4)为主要成分的复合脱水剂作为疏浚泥浆脱水剂(以下简称脱水剂),黄沙、炉渣、煤灰、石灰和粉煤灰分别作为疏浚底泥干化改良剂进行实验研究。结果表明,在脱水剂投加量为100 mg/L条件下,可以提高沉淀效率约20%;在投加脱水剂及5%石灰、粉煤灰、炉渣改良剂的条件下,底泥比阻值下降50%～70%;初期渗水速率提高6%～68%;与原泥相比,以黄沙、炉渣、煤灰为改良剂的底泥,经过4个月干化期后,承载力提高了30%～150%。本研究为疏浚底泥快速脱水干化提供了一种可行的技术途径。     

电旋风除尘模型实验研究

本研究试图将电除尘器与旋风除尘器组合为一体,以求取得较高的除尘效率,并利用旋转气流实现自动清灰。本文介绍了切向进气直流式电旋风除尘的模型试验,通过实测不同工况下的除尘效率和压力损失,应用经典除尘理论,建立了相应的数学模型。     

采用两级物化法去除黄磷废水中的氟化物

采用向含氟废水中加入适量石灰和聚合氯化铝，然后投加适量钙盐、磷酸和聚丙烯酰胺的二级处理工艺除氟，通过控制合适的pH、钙盐和磷酸的投加量、反应时间、反应温度、搅拌强度和絮凝剂的投加量，可使黄磷废水中氟的质量浓度降至5mg/L，氟的去除率达到99％以上，出水中氟的质量浓度达到GB8978－1996一级排放标准。     

Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of two novel pesticides on amphibian, Rana N. Hallowell

Imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitro-imidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] and RH-5849 [2'-benzoyl-l'-tert-butylbenzoylhydrazinel] are two pesticides used in China since 1992. In the present study we conducted acute toxicity test, micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay of the two pesticides on amphibian, Rana N. Hallowell, a sensitive organism suitable for acting as the bio-indicator of aquatic and agricultural ecosystems. The values of LC50-48 h of imidacloprid were found to be 165 mg l(-1) for tadpoles of Rana limnocharis and 219 mg l(-1) for tadpoles of Rana N. Hallowell. On the other hand, RH-5849 showed no acute toxicity to tadpoles during the 96 h exposure even it was saturated in the test solutions. There were significant differences in the MN frequencies between the negative controls and the treated groups at the dose of 8 mg l(-1) for imidacloprid (p < 0.05) and 40 mg l(-1) for RH-5849 (p < 0.01). Comet assay found significant differences (p < 0.01) in the distributions of DNA damage grades between the negative controls and groups treated in vitro with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg l(-1) of imidacloprid and 5, 25, 50 and 100 mg l(-1) of RH-5849, respectively. DNA damage scores increased with the exposure levels of the two pesticides and dose-effect relationships were observed for both imidacloprid (r2 = 0.92) and RH-5849 (r2 = 0.98). The MN test and comet assay revealed potential adverse effects of the two pesticides on DNA in the erythrocytes of amphibians in aquatic and agricultural ecosystems.     

Analysis of microcystins in cyanobacteria blooms and surface water samples from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,China

Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. In recent years, the water pollution of cyanobacteria blooms has become a severe problem in this area. Microcystins (MCs) are an important group of toxic compounds mainly produced by some cyanobacteria species and have both acute and chronic hepatotoxic effects on animals and humans. This paper presents the first data on the identification and detection of MCs in both natural occurring cyanobacteria blooms and surface water samples (0-0.5 m), collected from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. A conventional method for extraction and isolation of MCs from cyanobacteria blooms was applied. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the main toxic component in the cyanobacteria materials was MC-LR. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) against MC-LR produced by hybridoma technique was employed for direct competitive ELISA to detect the concentrations of MCs in bloom and water samples collected in 2001. The results not only revealed the presence of MCs but also temporal variations of MCs levels of three sampling stations in Meiliang Bay in 1 year. It is obvious that the MC contents were relatively higher during warm months and related with the status of eutrophication. Our study indicates the threat associated with MCs in water body of Taihu Lake. To prevent the MCs potential hazard on public health in this area, some necessary measures of monitoring and control of growth of cyanobacteria are urgently needed.     

丹江口库区湿地自然保护区现状及保护对策

湖北丹江口库区湿地自然保护区是"内陆湿地和水域生态系统类型"自然保护区,但受人为活动的影响,水文情势改变,保护区的湿地生态系统受到一定的威胁。基于丹江口库区湿地自然保护区现状,从合理调整保护区范围、全面加强湿地生态建设、加强环境污染防治、建立有效的湿地保护管理协调机制、加强湿地保护知识的宣传等方面,构建和谐生态,实现人与自然协调发展。