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11.
Occurrence of perfluorinated organic acids in the North and Baltic seas. Part 1: distribution in sea water 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Theobald N Caliebe C Gerwinski W Hühnerfuss H Lepom P 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(7):1057-1069
Purpose
Due to their high water solubilities and mobilities, persistent, polar perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) such as perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates are likely to end up in the oceans. In part 1 of this study, their distribution in North and Baltic Sea water is reported, being of special interest because these seas are surrounded by highly industrialized countries with high population densities. 相似文献12.
Ulrich Harréus MD PhD Philipp Baumeister Norbert Kleinsasser Maximilian Reiter Beatrice Bachmeier Christoph Matthias 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(2):205-214
The etiology of salivary gland malignancies still remains unclear. Metal compounds are of special interest since they show ubiquitous presence in the environment, are present in many working places, and are accepted (co-)carcinogens in some other malignancies. Metals enter the body as xenobiotics by inhalation or ingestion. This study investigated the genotoxic potential of sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) on human salivary gland cells and lymphocytes. Macroscopically healthy tissue of salivary glands was harvested from 46 patients during surgery and isolated to single cells by enzymatic digestion. The cells were incubated with Na2Cr2O7, NiSO4, CdSO4 or ZnCl2. Na2Cr2O7 was also incubated in combination with the other metal compounds listed. Carcinogenic and co-carcinogenic effects of cadmium were tested by incubation with Na2Cr2O7 and consecutive repair intervals. DNA damage and repair were evaluated by the Comet assay, determining DNA-strand breaks. The extent of damage was quantified using a digital analysis system. Na2Cr2O7 produced significantly enhanced DNA-strand breaks in human salivary gland tissue and lymphocytes. All other metal compounds exerted no damaging effect on both cell types. Co-incubation of Na2Cr2O7 with the other metals revealed a significant additive effect only for CdSO4. Specific analysis of the influence of cadmium showed a reduction of DNA-repair after Na2Cr2O7-induced strand breaks in salivary gland cells. This study provides evidence that exposure to distinct metals may significantly contribute to malignant salivary gland tumors. In consequence, further studies as epidemiological and toxicological data are warranted to determine the role of distinct metals as potential (co-) carcinogens. 相似文献
13.
Modeling carbon sequestration under zero tillage at the regional scale. I. The effect of soil erosion 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Thomas Gaiser Karl Stahr Norbert Billen Mohammad Abdel-Razek Mohammad 《Ecological modelling》2008,218(1-2):110-120
Zero tillage is recognized as a potential measure to sequester carbon dioxide in soils and to reduce CO2 emissions from arable lands. An up-scaling approach of the output of the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model with the information system SLISYS-BW has been used to estimate the CO2-mitigation potential in the state of Baden-Württemberg (SW-Germany). The state territory of 35,742 km2 is subdivided into eight agro-ecological zones (AEZ), which have been further subdivided into a total of 3976 spatial response units. Annual CO2-mitigation rates where estimated from the changes in soil organic carbon content comparing 30 years simulations under conventional and zero tillage. Special attention was given to the influence of tillage practices on the losses of organic carbon through soil erosion, and consequently on the calculation of CO2-mitigation rates. Under conventional tillage, mean carbon losses through erosion in the AEZ were estimated to be up to 0.45 Mg C ha−1 a−1. The apparent CO2-mitigation rate for the conversion from conventional to zero tillage ranges from 0.08 to 1.82 Mg C ha−1 a−1 in the eight AEZ, if the carbon losses through soil erosion are included in the calculations. However, the higher carbon losses under conventional tillage compared to zero tillage are composed of both, losses through enhanced CO2 emissions, and losses through intensified soil erosion. The adjusted net CO2-mitigation rates of zero tillage, subtracting the reduced carbon losses through soil erosion, are between 0.07 and 1.27 Mg C ha−1 a−1 and the estimated net mitigation rate for the entire state amounts to 285 Gg C a−1. This equals to 1045 Gg CO2-equivalents per year with the cropping patterns in the reference year 2000. The results call attention to the necessity to revise those estimation methods for CO2-mitigation which are exclusively or predominantly based on the measurements of differential changes in total soil organic carbon without taking into account the tillage effects on carbon losses through soil erosion. 相似文献
14.
Janet K. Baker Norbert Dee James R. Finley 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1974,10(1):10-21
The parameters and the measurement procedures described in this paper are seen as being part of the first stage in development of the human environment assessment process. Additional parameters need to be identified, and methods of measuring impacts reflected by the parameters must be developed and refined. Considerations of the human environment and those elements of the natural environment that are of importance to people must be included as an integral part of the environmental impact assessment process. Therefore, there is a need for continuing to identify parameters of the human environment and to develop methods of measuring impacts so that these considerations will become a well-integrated part of the environmental impact assessment process. 相似文献
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Goal and Scope
Details about the ecological function of lake shores as ecotones between land and lakes are not well-known. These ecotones are also heavily exploited and, in part, considerably changed. Whereas anthropogenic nutrient loading is decreasing, structural changes are increasing. Unfortunately, there is a deficit in methods of evaluation and decision processes.Main Focus
Even the EU-water framework directive was no remedy for this deficit, as lake shores were included only implicitly. In this article several evaluation methods and their conceptual groundwork are presented. However, these methods were not developed for lake shore research. Therefore, criteria are proposed which could fulfill the specific demands of lake shore assessments. The management of lakes shores should consider structural and biological parameters, and be agreeable to local residents.Results and Conclusions
In addition to conventional biodiversity methods, the ecology of lake shores could also be represented by a functional food net, for example in benthic invertebrates. But even quantification of biodiversity alone creates many problems. A simple biodiversity index cannot meet all the demands placed on a method of evaluation in complex situations, especially when coupled with additional information on structure, practicability, costs, etc. For these reasons, assessments for future management cannot be based on such an index.Outlook
A possible approach to include this complexity in assessments is to apply mathematical models and theoretical order concepts. 相似文献18.
19.
Jürgens N Schmiedel U Haarmeyer DH Dengler J Finckh M Goetze D Gröngröft A Hahn K Koulibaly A Luther-Mosebach J Muche G Oldeland J Petersen A Porembski S Rutherford MC Schmidt M Sinsin B Strohbach BJ Thiombiano A Wittig R Zizka G 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(2):655-678
The international, interdisciplinary biodiversity research project BIOTA AFRICA initiated a standardized biodiversity monitoring network along climatic gradients across the African continent. Due to an identified lack of adequate monitoring designs, BIOTA AFRICA developed and implemented the standardized BIOTA Biodiversity Observatories, that meet the following criteria (a) enable long-term monitoring of biodiversity, potential driving factors, and relevant indicators with adequate spatial and temporal resolution, (b) facilitate comparability of data generated within different ecosystems, (c) allow integration of many disciplines, (d) allow spatial up-scaling, and (e) be applicable within a network approach. A BIOTA Observatory encompasses an area of 1?km2 and is subdivided into 100 1-ha plots. For meeting the needs of sampling of different organism groups, the hectare plot is again subdivided into standardized subplots, whose sizes follow a geometric series. To allow for different sampling intensities but at the same time to characterize the whole square kilometer, the number of hectare plots to be sampled depends on the requirements of the respective discipline. A hierarchical ranking of the hectare plots ensures that all disciplines monitor as many hectare plots jointly as possible. The BIOTA Observatory design assures repeated, multidisciplinary standardized inventories of biodiversity and its environmental drivers, including options for spatial up- and downscaling and different sampling intensities. BIOTA Observatories have been installed along climatic and landscape gradients in Morocco, West Africa, and southern Africa. In regions with varying land use, several BIOTA Observatories are situated close to each other to analyze management effects. 相似文献
20.
Henrieta Arpasova Marcela Capcarova Anna Kalafova Norbert Lukac Jaroslav Kovacik Grzegorz Formicki 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(8):913-918
In this study the effects of nickel (NiCl2) administered in drinking water (0.02; 0.2 and 2.0 mg NiCl2/L for 28 days) on laying hen body weight, egg production and egg quality is reported. Growth parameters during the experiment were significantly decreased mainly in the group with the highest nickel concentration. In total egg production dose–dependent decrease in all experimental groups was found. Egg weight was mainly affected in the group with the highest nickel concentration. Specific egg weight was not altered. Albumen weight and albumen content was significantly decreased in groups with the highest nickel concentration in comparison with the control group. Egg yolk analysis detected significantly decreased yolk weight in the group with the highest nickel experimental level. In yolk color a significant difference was detected between the group receiving 0.02 and 0.2 mg NiCl2/mL. Eggshell compactness was increased in all experimental groups what could be induced by altered mineralization of eggshell. Results of this study clearly report a negative effect of nickel as an environmental pollutant on laying hen body weight, egg production as well as egg quality. 相似文献