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621.
Spatial distribution and temporal variation of epibenthic assemblages of coralligenous biogenic rocky outcrops occurring in
the northern Adriatic Sea (45°04′–45°24′N; 12°23′–12°43′E) were investigated by photographic sampling from 2003 to 2006 at
12 randomly selected sites. The dominant reef-forming organisms were the encrusting calcareous algae (Lithophyllum stictaeforme, Lithothamnion minervae and Peyssonnelia polymorpha), while the main bioeroders were boring sponges (Cliona viridis, C. celata, C. thoosina, C. rhodensis, Piona vastifica) and the bivalve Gastrochaena dubia. Composition of the assemblages varied thorough years and among sites. Spatial heterogeneity, at local and regional scale,
prevailed over temporal variation. This variability was related both to the geo-morphological features of the outcrops and
to environmental variables. Sites clearly differed in the percent cover of reef builder and bioeroder species while only limited
temporal variation within site was found. Some taxa revealed complex intra-site temporal trends. These results provide valuable
information on the diversity and variability of epibenthic assemblages of the northern Adriatic coralligenous reefs, essential
for the management and conservation of these unique biogenic habitats. 相似文献
622.
The present study addresses the effect of maternal diet on hatching success and condition of embryos and larvae of Antarctic
krill Euphausia superba. Lipid and fatty acid content and composition were determined in field and laboratory samples. Developmental stages analyzed
in embryos included: multiple-cell, gastrula, and limb-bud stages. Larval stages analyzed included: nauplius I, nauplius II,
and metanauplius. Laboratory-reared embryos were spawned by gravid females incubated under three feeding groups: (1) phytoplankton
mixture, (2) phytoplankton mixture and minced clam, and (3) phytoplankton mixture, minced clam, and commercial larval food.
Hatching success was highest in group 3 (100%), lowest in group 1 (0%), and highly variable in field samples (0–48%). Lipid
decreased slightly in embryos during embryonic development, while large decreases in lipid were found during nauplius development.
High levels of 18:2(n-6), 20:4(n-6), and 22:6(n-3) observed with group 3 samples coincided with high hatching success in krill
embryos. The ratio of 22:6(n-3)/20:5(n-3) also correlated to hatching success of embryos. The fatty acid profile of embryos
in group 3 was similar to that of the field-collected embryos, reflecting the contribution of the commercial larval food in
the maternal diet. In our study, the maternal diet was found to influence the fatty acid composition of embryos and in turn
affects the hatching success of krill. Specific polyunsaturated fatty acids appeared to play important roles in embryogenesis
in krill. 相似文献
623.
Dongwoo Kang Min-Gu Lee Yunsung Yoo Jinwon Park 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(3):1562-1573
In this research, absorbents for CO2 capture were prepared by blending 30 wt% potassium carbonate, 3 wt% of a rate promoter, and 1 wt% of a corrosion inhibitor. Pipecolic acid, sarcosine, and diethanolamine were chosen as rate promoter candidates. Based on a rate promoter screening test for CO2 loading capacity and absorption rate, pipecolic acid and sarcosine were selected to be used as rate promoters. 1,2,3-benzotriazole and ammonium thiocyanate were chosen as corrosion inhibitors, and they were mixed with a 30 wt% potassium carbonate-based absorbent mixture containing one of the rate promoters. The absorption rates for four absorbent solutions (30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% pipecolic acid?+?1 wt% 1,2,3-benzotriazole, 30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% pipecolic acid?+?1 wt% ammonium thiocyanate, 30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% sarcosine?+?1 wt% 1,2,3-benzotriazole, and 30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% sarcosine?+?1 wt% ammonium thiocyanate) were measured, tabulated, and graphically displayed. These types of absorbents can be used for capturing CO2 under high temperature and pressure conditions, such as those found in coal-fired power plants. 相似文献
624.
Mihail Ionescu Zoran S. Petrović Xianmei Wan 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2007,15(4):237-243
Soybean polyols prepared by ring opening reactions of epoxidized soybean oil with hydrogen active compounds (water, alcohols,
organic or inorganic acids, thiols, hydrogen etc.) have a low reactivity in the reaction with isocyanates because the hydroxyl
groups are secondary. This paper presents a simple and convenient method to increase the reactivity of soybean polyols with
secondary hydroxyl groups by ethoxylation reactions with the preservation of triglyceride ester bonds. The method uses mild
reaction conditions: low alkoxylation temperature of 35–45 °C, low pressure of 0.1–0.2 MPa (15–30 p.s.i.) and a superacid
as catalyst (HBF4). The new soybean polyols have a higher reactivity toward isocyanates in polyurethane formation due to the high percentage
of primary hydroxyl groups. The primary hydroxyl content was determined by the second order kinetics of polyol reaction with
phenyl isocyanate. 相似文献
625.
Ivan S. Ristić Ljiljana Tanasić Ljubiša B. Nikolić Suzana M. Cakić Olivera Z. Ilić Radmila Ž. Radičević Jaroslava K. Budinski-Simendić 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(2):419-430
Different synthesis methods were applied to determine optimal conditions for polymerization of (3S)-cis-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (l-lactide), in order to obtain poly(l-lactide) (PLLA). Bulk polymerizations (in vacuum sealed vessel, high pressure reactor and in microwave field) were performed
with tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate as the initiator. Synthesis in the vacuum sealed vessel was carried out at the temperature of
150 °C. To reduce the reaction time second polymerization process was carried out in the high pressure reactor at 100 °C and
at the pressure of 138 kPa. The third type of rapid synthesis was done in the microwave reactor at 100 °C, using frequency
of 2.45 GHz and power of 150 W at the temperature of 100 °C. The temperature in this method was controlled via infrared system
for in-bulk measuring. The solution polymerization (with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as initiator) was possible even at
the temperature of 40 °C, yielding PLLA with narrow molecular weight distribution in a very short period of time (less than
6 h). The obtained polymers had the number-average molecular weights ranging from 43,000 to 178,000 g mol−1 (polydispersity index ranging from 1 to 3) according to the gel permeation chromatography measurements. The polymer structure
was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the obtained polymers were investigated
using thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. 相似文献
626.
Julius H. Kotir 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(3):587-605
Sub-Saharan Africa has been portrayed as the most vulnerable region to the impacts of global climate change because of its
reliance on agriculture which is highly sensitive to weather and climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and
light and extreme events and low capacity for adaptation. This article reviews evidence on the scope and nature of the climate
change challenge; and assesses the impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. From the
review, it is apparent that the climate in Africa is already exhibiting significant changes, evident by changes in average
temperature, change in amount of rainfall and patterns and the prevalence of frequency and intensity of weather extremes.
The review also revealed that although uncertainties exist with regards to the magnitude of impacts, climate will negatively
affect agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, as result of current and expected climate change, the
area suitable for agriculture, the length of growing seasons and yield potential, particularly along the margins of semi-arid
and arid areas, are expected to decrease. These impacts will affect all components of food security: food availability, food accessibility, food utilisation and food stability and hence increase the risk of hunger in the region. The review thus confirms the general consensus that Sub-Saharan Africa
is the most vulnerable region to climate change. It suggests that, policymakers and development agencies should focus on formulating
and implementing policies and programmes that promote farm level adaptation strategies currently being practiced by farmers
across the region. 相似文献
627.
Christos Giannakopoulos Effie Kostopoulou Konstantinos V. Varotsos Kostas Tziotziou Achilleas Plitharas 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(4):829-843
Climate changes in the Mediterranean region, related to a significant increase in temperature and changes in precipitation
patterns, can potentially affect local economies. Agriculture and tourism are undoubtedly the most important economic sources
for Greece and these may be more strongly affected by changing future climate conditions. Climate change and their various
negative impacts on human life are also detected in their environment; hence this study deals with implications, caused by
changing climate, in urban and forest areas. Potential changes for the mid-twenty-first century (2021–2050) are analysed using
a high-resolution regional climate model. This paper presents relevant climatic indices, indicative for potential implications
which may jeopardise vital economic/environmental sectors of the country. The results provide insights into particular regions
of the Greek territory that may undergo substantial impacts due to climate change. It is concluded that the duration of dry
days is expected to increase in most of the studied agricultural regions. Winter precipitation generally decreases, whereas
an increase in autumn precipitation is projected in most areas. Changing climate conditions associated with increased minimum
temperatures (approximately 1.3°C) and decreased winter precipitation by 15% on average suggest that the risk for forest fires
is intensified in the future. In urban areas, unpleasantly high temperatures during day and night will increase the feeling
of discomfort in the citizens, while flash floods events are expected to occur more frequently. Another impact of climate
change in urban regions is the increasing energy demand for cooling in summer. Finally, it was found that continental tourist
areas of the Greek mainland will more often face heatwave episodes. In coastal regions, increased temperatures especially
at night in combination with high levels of relative humidity can lead to conditions that are nothing less than uncomfortable
for foreigners and the local population. In general, projected changes associated with temperature have a higher degree of
confidence than those associated with precipitation. 相似文献
628.
629.
The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) rate of NO with N-containing reducing agents can be enhanced considerably by converting
part of NO into NO2. The enhanced reaction rate is more pronounced even at lower temperatures by using an equimolar mixture of NO and NO2 (fast SCR reaction). The oxidation characteristics of NO over catalyst Pt/TiO2 have been determined in a fixed bed reactor (8 mm-ID) with different concentrations of oxygen, nitric oxide and nitrogen
dioxide in the presence of 8% water. The conversion of NO to NO2 increases with increasing oxygen (O2) concentration from 3 to 12%, but it levels off at higher O2 concentrations. The NO conversion to NO2 decreases with increasing NO concentration and it also decreases by an addition of NO2 in the feed stream. Therefore, the oxidation of NO over Pt/TiO2 catalyst could be auto-inhibited by the reaction product of NO2. The effects of CO and SO2 on NO oxidation characteristics have also been determined. In fact, the presence of SO2 significantly suppresses oxidation of NO but due to the less stability of sulfate on anatase structure in TiO2, it becomes less significant. On the other hand, the presence of CO increases NO oxidation significantly due to the auto-inhibition
effect by CO. Moreover, the effect of SO2/CO on NO oxidation has also been determined and it was observed that NO oxidation decreases with the increase in SO2/CO ratio. 相似文献
630.
Eleni Panagiotarakou 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2016,29(6):1057-1070
The focus of this paper is on normative ethical theories and endangered species. To be exact, I examine two theories: the theory of obligation and care ethics, and ask which is better-suited in the case of endangered species. I argue that the aretic, feminist-inspired ethics of care is well-suited in the case of companion animals, but ill-suited in the case of endangered species, especially in the case of “unlovable” species. My argument presupposes that (1) we now live an era where human disturbances to planetary ecosystems are triggering a sixth mass species extinction, and (2) widespread interventions will be needed to save many species from extinction. 相似文献