The formation of gas hydrates is a major issue during the operation of oil and gas pipelines, because gas hydrates cause plugging, thereby disrupting the normal oil and gas flows. A solution is to inject gas hydrate inhibitors such as ionic liquids. Contrary to classical inhibitors, ionic liquids act both as thermodynamic inhibitors and hydrate inhibitors, and as anti-agglomerates. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids have been found efficient for the inhibition of CO2 and CH4 hydrates. For CO2 gas hydrates, N-ethyl-N-methylmorpholinium bromide showed an average depression temperature of 1.72 K at 10 wt% concentration. The induction time of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide is 36.3 h for CO2 hydrates at 1 wt% concentration. For CH4 hydrates, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride showed average depression temperature of 4.80 K at 40 wt%. For mixed gas hydrates of CO2 and CH4, only quaternary ammonium salts have been studied. Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide shifted the hydrate liquid vapour equilibrium to 1.56 K at 10 wt%, while tetrabutylammonium hydroxide showed an induction time of 0.74 h at 1 wt% concentration.
Double perovskite-type catalysts including La2 CoMnO_6 and La_2 CuMnO_6 are first evaluated for the effectiveness in removing volatile organic compounds(VOCs), and single perovskites(La CoO_3, LaMnO_3, and La Cu O3) are also tested for comparison. All perovskites are tested with the gas hourly space velocity(GHSV) of 30,000 hr~(-1), and the temperature range of100–600°C for C_7H_8 removal. Experimental results indicate that double perovskites have better activity if compared with single perovskites. Especially, toluene(C_7H_8) can be completely oxidized to CO_2 at 300°C as La2 Co MnO_6 is applied. Characterization of catalysts indicates that double perovskites own unique surface properties and are of higher amounts of lattice oxygen,leading to higher activity. Additionally, apparent activation energy of 68 k J/mol is calculated using Mars-van Krevelen model for C7 H8 oxidation with La2 Co Mn O6 as catalyst. For durability test, both La2 Co Mn O6 and La_2 CuMnO_6 maintain high C7 H8 removal efficiencies of 100% and98%, respectively, at 300°C and 30,000 hr~(-1), and they also show good resistance to CO_2(5%) and H2 O(g)(5%) of the gas streams tested. For various VOCs including isopropyl alcohol(C_3H_8 O),ethanal(C_2H_4O), and ethylene(C_2H_4) tested, as high as 100% efficiency could be achieved with double perovskite-type catalysts operated at 300–350°C, indicating that double perovskites are promising catalysts for VOCs removal. 相似文献