反硝化除磷系统中PHB红外光谱解析及其与磷去除率的相关性

为快速、准确测定生物除磷系统中微生物细胞内w(PHB)(PHB为poly-β-hydroxy butyrate,聚-β-羟基丁酸酯)并及时预测PO₄3--P去除率,采用红外光谱法对微生物细胞内PHB的转化规律进行解析,并结合气相色谱法建立w(PHB)的快速测定模型,研究w(PHB)减少量与PO₄3--P去除率的相关性. 结果表明:反硝化除磷系统中微生物细胞内PHB的特征峰位于波数1 730 cm-1处,PHB特征峰的吸光度与w(PHB)的增减趋势相同. 采用PLS(partial least squares,偏最小二乘法)对反硝化除磷系统中微生物细胞内PHB特征峰吸光度与w(PHB)建立PLS模型,对w(PHB)的校正和预测时的相关系数(R2)分别达到0.963 0、0.951 4,其均方根误差分别为0.031 0、0.037 9. 根据预测结果,进一步建立了反硝化除磷缺氧段w(PHB)减少量与PO₄3--P去除率的相关关系,相关系数为0.979 0. 研究表明,利用PLS模型对反硝化除磷系统中PHB红外光谱解析能够快速、准确地表征反硝化除磷系统中微生物细胞内w(PHB)的变化,并能进一步预测PO₄3--P去除率.      

温湿度对PM2.5质量浓度监测的影响

探讨了在不同环境条件和污染状况下,带膜动态测量的微振荡天平法的自动监测方法能否准确监测空气中的PM_(2.5)质量浓度。通过自动方法与手工重量法的比对,针对2015年8月—2016年7月的监测结果进行讨论,尤其是不同温度和相对湿度对监测数据的影响,在平均相对湿度为60%~90%时夏季2种方法绝对偏差均值大于10μg/m3,并对该结果进行了原因分析,提出了自动监测的质量控制和比对溯源的建议,为PM_(2.5)的质量浓度监测工作提供了参考依据。     

Radiological monitoring: terrestrial natural radionuclides in Kinta District,Perak, Malaysia

Natural background gamma radiation and radioactivity concentrations were investigated from 2003 to 2005 in Kinta District, Perak, Malaysia. Sample locations were distant from any ‘amang’ processing plants. The external gamma dose rates ranged from 39 to 1039 nGy h⁻¹. The mean external gamma dose rate was 222 ± 191 nGy h⁻¹. Small areas of relatively enhanced activity were located having external gamma dose rates of up to 1039 ± 104 nGy h⁻¹. The activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were analyzed by using a high-resolution co-axial HPGe detector system. The activity concentration ranges were 12–426 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³⁸U, 19–1377 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³²Th and <19–2204 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰ K. Based on the radioactivity levels determined, the gamma-absorbed dose rates in air at 1 m above the ground were calculated. The calculated dose rates and measured dose rates had a good correlation coefficient, R of 0.94. To evaluate the radiological hazard of the natural radioactivity, the radium equivalent activity, the gamma-absorbed dose rate and the mean population weighted dose rate were calculated. An isodose map for the Kinta District was also produced.     

Thermal detoxification of hazardous metal sludge by applied electromagnetic energy

Industrial wastewater sludge was treated by microwave processes to enhance the stabilization of laden copper. The effects of additives, processing time, microwave adsorbents, moisture content, reaction atmosphere, and cooling gas were investigated. The stabilization results were significantly enhanced by metal powder additives, prolonged microwave processing time, proper moisture content, the addition of carbonaceous materials, and a reaction environment with inert gas. It was also found that the moisture content would increase the homogeneity of applied microwave energy, and thus achieve a better overall efficiency between stabilizing agents and copper. The added metal powders may reduce Cu(II) to Cu(0) in the sludge or TCLP. The resulting thermal energy of microwave radiation, and microarcing process and the oxidation heat of Al powder may also assist the transformation of Cu(II) into CuO and CuAl2O4 phases. Part of the sludge was vitrified within inert gas environment when the processing time was longer than 18 min and active carbon dosage was more than 3g. Reduction reactions also occurred in the hybrid microwave processes, leading to the reduction of sulfates and metal ions, and the formation of Cu2S and FeS. Moreover, the microwave radiation can also enhance the feasibility of co-treating of inorganic and organic solid waste.     

Chromate reduction on humic acid derived from a peat soil--exploration of the activated sites on HAs for chromate removal

Humic substances are a major component of soil organic matter that influence the behavior and fate of heavy metals such as Cr(VI), a toxic and carcinogenic element. In the study, a repetitive extraction technique was used to fractionate humic acids (HAs) from a peat soil into three fractions (denoted as F1, F2, and F3), and the relative importance of O-containing aromatic and aliphatic domains in humic substances for scavenging Cr(VI) was addressed at pH 1. Spectroscopic analyses indicated that the concentrations of aromatic C and O-containing functional groups decreased with a progressive extraction as follows: F1>F2>F3. Cr(VI) removal by HA proceeded slowly, but it was enhanced when light was applied due to the production of efficient reductants, such as superoxide radical and H(2)O(2), for Cr(VI). Higher aromatic- and O-containing F1 fraction exhibited a greater efficiency for Cr(VI) reduction (with a removal rate of ca. 2.89 mmol g(-1) HA under illumination for 3 h). (13)C NMR and FTIR spectra further demonstrated that the carboxyl groups were primarily responsible for Cr(VI) reduction. This study implied the mobility and fate of Cr(VI) would be greatly inhibited in the environments containing such organic groups.     

改进污径比计算方法及应用

为了使现行污径比更加科学合理,提出底标比、排标比和危害系数并用来对原污径比进行改进完善.以东辽河为例,对新污径比进行检验.结果表明,新污径比不仅能作为生态水质评价的指标,还能量化反映河流环境容量盈亏度.新污径比还可以更广泛地应用到水资源水质评价、水资源承载力计算和区域可持续发展等研究领域.     

仿生植物处理城市生活污水研究

选择成本相对低廉的3种不同材料构建仿生植物,研究不同材料构建的仿生植物对污染水体的净化效果,筛选出性价比较好的仿生植物材料,并分别进行原位挂膜培养和专有菌株挂膜培养.结果表明,原位培养的生物膜对COD去除效果较好,平均去除率为76.92％专有菌株培养的生物膜对氨氮的去除效果较好,平均去除率达到了91.47％;2种挂膜方式对TP的去除率较为接近,平均去除率分别为73.04％和70.43％.     

Solid waste collection and recycling in Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia: a case study.

The implementation of a suitable solid waste management programme with appropriate methods of recycling as an inherent element is vital to the alleviation of the problems associated with solid waste generation, handling and disposal, environmental conservation, public hygiene, etc. The present work is a case study on solid waste collection and recycling practices in Nibong Tebal town, Penang, Malaysia. The amount and types of domestic waste generated, household participation in recycling, identification of existing problems related to the implementation of the recycling programme, etc. formed the basis of this study. Surveys (interviews/questionnaires) and on-site observations were conducted to gather information on the solid waste collection and recycling practice of the residents. A focus group of 60 individuals was selected and their response to a questionnaire, prepared according to a Likert scale, was obtained and analysed. The majority of the respondents expressed concerns about recycling and wanted more to be done in this regard. Illegal collection, aesthetically displeasing sites and a lack of public awareness were problems of major concern. Issues related to inadequate funding and manpower as well as end market are also addressed and suggestions made.     

钼酸钠对靶用 5083 铝合金耐蚀性能影响的研究

目的提高靶用5083铝合金材料的耐蚀性。方法分别运用阳极极化、交流阻抗及EDS等试验技术研究钼酸钠对5083铝合金在3%氯化钠溶液中的耐蚀性能影响。结果钼酸钠加入3%氯化钠溶液以后,该铝合金的腐蚀电位下降,点蚀电位与腐蚀电位分离,维钝电流减小,阻抗值增大,抗点蚀能力提高。结论钼酸钠对5083铝合金产生缓蚀作用。     

武昌湖典型退化湿地菰草根际微生物群落结构

为研究淡水湖泊湿地微生物群落结构与退化湿地环境之间的关系,选取武昌湖湿地菰草根际水体、根际土壤、根下湖泊沉积物3组环境样本,提取样本微生物基因组DNA,并利用16S r DNA基因进行454高通量测序,共得到优质序列17 051条,产生2 062条OUTs。结果表明:武昌湖退化湿地菰草根际具有较为复杂的微生物群落结构,涉及15门48属,其中以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为主要门类;菰草根际不同微环境微生物群落结构存在明显差异,生物多样性指数Shannon、Chao、ACE指数及OTUs均呈现根际土壤湖泊沉积物根际水体的变化特征。探究湿地退化过程中植被菰草根际微生物群落结构特征,对揭示长江中下游浅水湖泊湿地退化机理具有重要意义。