A participatory approach to the establishment of a baseline scenario for a reforestation Clean Development Mechanism project

This paper is part of a two-year study to investigate the feasibility of initiating a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project in an indigenous community of Eastern Panamá, Ipetí-Emberá. We use participatory mapping and matrices as well as household surveys to develop a land-use/land-cover baseline scenario and examine the role of local participation in assessing land-use change. In Ipetí, land-use change has not occurred in a linear way over the last decades, and our data unveils socio-economic factors as potential key drivers of change. The concordance that we observed between geographic information and individual and collective perceptions of land-use change substantiates the possibility of using local knowledge in the establishment of baseline data for CDM projects. Our calculations suggest that the total carbon (C) stocks in the Tierra Colectiva (TC) of Ipetí-Emberá in 2004 represents a 47% reduction from the estimated C stock at the onset of settlement in the early 1970’s. Results from the participatory assessments predict that, in 2024 and in absence of a CDM project, the C stocks will decline from 301,859 t C in 2004 to 155,730 t C, which constitutes a reduction of 52%. The scenario with CDM estimates C stocks of 305,853 t C for 2024, a value slightly superior to the 2004 value. In the TC there is ground to believe that cattle ranching is likely to become an ever more important activity as the population is young and growing and cannot easily move elsewhere. Forests tend to be cleared for cultivation while pastures are established on short fallows. Our baseline scenario underlines the potential for a CDM project to make a significant difference in the future C stocks of this landscape.     

Prenatal diagnosis of infantile GM 2 gangliosidosis type II (sandhoff disease) by detection of N-acetylglucosaminyl-oligosaccharides in amniotic fluid with high-performance liquid chromatography

Prenatal diagnosis of Sandhoff disease (infantile onset) at 16 weeks gestation has been made by detection and analysis of N-acetylglucosaminyl-oligosaccharides in amniotic fluid using high performance liquid chromatography. The elution profile for the branched chain oli-gosaccharides was identical with that obtained with neonatal and infantile Sandhoff urine. The concentration of the oligosaccharides in the fluid was 1/100th that of urine but when calculated relative to creatinine the levels were similar. No oligosaccharides were detected in normal control amniotic fluids (10 patients) at a similar gestational age. Based on the levels of the amniotic fluid oligosaccharides and the sensitivity limits of the assay, prenatal diagnosis of patients with the juvenile onset form of the disease may also be possible with this technique.     

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis using linked DNA probes

This paper presents data collected in Europe on 107 prenatal diagnoses of cystic fibrosis (CF) using linked DNA markers. To date, 38 children have been born without CF, as predicted, demonstrating the present rapid move from research to clinical genetic service.     

不同种类有机肥施用对稻田CH4和N2O排放的综合影响

以麦茬稻田为对象,研究基肥施用不同有机肥对稻田CH4和N2O排放的综合影响.结果表明:有机肥施用对稻田CH4和N2O排放的季节变化模式无明显影响,但影响其排放量.与施用化肥(化肥处理)相比,施用菜饼+化肥(菜饼处理)促进CH4和N2O的排放,其季节排放总量分别增加了252%和22%;施用小麦秸秆+化肥(秸秆处理)和牛厩肥+化肥(牛厩肥处理)明显增加CH4排放,增加量分别为250%和45%,同时却减少N2O排放,分别减少18%和21%;施用猪厩肥+化肥(猪厩肥处理)降低CH4和N2O的排放,分别降低4%和18%.对CH4和N2O排放的综合温室效应分析表明,菜饼和秸秆处理的全球增温潜势(GWP)约为化肥处理的2.5倍,牛厩肥和化肥处理基本持平,但施用猪厩肥可减少10%～15%.各处理的GWP从高到低依次为菜饼、秸秆、牛厩肥、化肥和猪厩肥.单位产量的GWP以秸秆处理最高,菜饼次之,牛厩肥比化肥处理略高,猪厩肥处理最低.从本生长季来看,猪厩肥的施用对于实现环境效益与生产效益的协调发展具有一定作用.     

开采沉陷对矿区生态环境的影响评价

以某矿的一、二采区为例,介绍了评价开采沉陷对矿区生态环境影响的基本方法和过程.重点以土地作为评价因素,据地表沉陷预测结果和评价指标体系,对塌陷区内的土地损害形式进行了总结,对塌陷引起的土地损害这一环境因素的影响进行了评价,获得了塌陷区的影响程度和区域.