论道路交通安全环境

通过对道路交通环境与交通安全关系的阐述 ,分析了由于道路在规划、设计等方面的原因而导致交通事故的机理 ,探讨了道路环境在使用过程中技术状况对交通安全的影响 ,建立了道路交通安全体系 ,剖析了系统内各因素之间的关系 ,提出了道路安全环境对交通安全的影响有着极其重要的意义。文中还针对性地提出了改善交通安全状况、降低交通事故发生量的对策。     

基于GIS的城市火灾风险评价及其在防灾规划中的应用

随着经济发展和城市化进程的不断加快,城市火灾事故不断增多,造成的人员伤亡和财产损失也越来越严重。本文通过构建城市火灾风险评价指标体系,利用GIS中的空间分析功能对各指标体系按其权重进行叠加,得出城市的现状火灾风险等级区划图。根据风险评价现状确定防灾减灾规划的目标,采取相应的防灾减灾措施,并对规划后的火灾风险状况进行了预测,得出规划后的火灾风险等级,从而为消防和规划部门减少和预防城市火灾提供依据和参考。     

湖北农村民居现状调查与震害预测

通过对湖北农村民居建筑结构、抗震设防以及居民抗震意识的调查,分析了湖北农村民居的结构特点和建造现状,得到了湖北农村民居在结构形式、建筑材料、建造年代、场地条件及连接构造等方面的统计数据。在此基础上,采用震害预测方法对湖北农村民居在不同地震烈度时的震害进行了预测,给出了各结构类型的震害预测结果,为湖北省农村地震灾害的综合防御提供了科学依据。     

Comparison of biochar- and activated carbon-supported zerovalent iron for the removal of Se(IV) and Se(VI): influence of pH,ionic strength,and natural organic matter

Biochar (BC) and activated carbon (AC) were both produced from corn straw. Biochar-supported zerovalent iron (BC-ZVI) and activated carbon-supported zerovalent iron (AC-ZVI) were synthesized and applied for Se(IV)/Se(VI) removal. The sorption capacity of BC-ZVI for Se(IV) and Se(VI) was reported at 62.52 and 35.39 mg g^?1, higher than that of AC-ZVI (56.02 and 33.24 mg g^?1), respectively, due to its higher iron content and more positive charges. The spectroscopic analyses showed that Se(IV)/Se(VI) were reduced to Se(0)/Se(-II) of less toxicity and solubility. The effects of various factors such as pH, ionic strength, co-existing cations and anions, and natural organic matter (NOM) were also investigated. Ionic strength showed no significant effect on Se(IV)/Se(VI) removal, but pH was critical. The presence of NO₃^? and SO₄^2? did not cause obvious inhibition to the removal, while PO₄^3? inhibited the sorption capacity of BC-ZVI and AC-ZVI for Se(IV)/Se(VI) significantly. Common cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) were found to slightly enhance the removal, while NOM significantly decreased the sorption capacity of BC-ZVI and AC-ZVI for Se(IV)/Se(VI). Besides, NOM showed stronger inhibition effect on AC-ZVI than that on BC-ZVI. These results indicated that BC-ZVI, compared with AC-ZVI, could be a promising sorbent to remove Se(IV)/Se(VI) due to its low cost and high efficiency.

     

Solar-induced generation of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical in sewage wastewaters

Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) play an important role in the degradation of pollutants in surface waters. However, the mechanism underlying the photochemical generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH in wastewaters is poorly known. Here we studied the photo-induced generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH in different sewage treatment plant units. The correlation between the generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH and the water constituents was discussed. Our results show that in sewage units the ¹O₂ formation rate ranges from 2.19 × 10^?8 to 6.74 × 10^?8 mol L^?1 s^?1, and the ·OH formation rate ranges from 1.7 × 10^?11 to 3.06 × 10^?10 mol L^?1 s^?1. The average ¹O₂ formation rates in the various sewage units are similar to those in wetland and estuarine waters containing rich dissolved organic matter and 2–4 times higher than those in lake and seawater samples. The average ·OH formation rates of the sewage units are 5–50 times higher than for other water samples reported. The ·OH generation rate increased with the iron content with a correlation coefficient of 0.85, which indicates that the photo-Fenton reaction plays a dominant role in ·OH generation in sewage wastewater.     

低硒土壤增施高硒石煤的实验研究

湖北省鄂西自治州恩施市为我国第一个高硒区,硒源于石煤.州内还有低硒环境并曾有克山病流行,将硒均值为100mg/kg的石煤颗粒施入低硒土壤后,作物硒及人畜内环境硒水平有明显的剂量效应关系.根据足硒区粮食、饲草及人发硒的推荐值,每公顷施石煤15×10~3-18×10~3kg为宜.此外,讨论了这一措施得以增产的可能因素和该措施可能维持有效作用的年限.     

高铁脱硫渣制备高纯度硫酸亚铁及草酸亚铁的研究

以高铁脱硫渣为原料,采取酸浸、除杂和结晶等工艺制备出99%以上硫酸亚铁晶体。研究了酸浸过程中硫酸浓度、浸取温度、时间对铁浸出率的影响,分析了各个影响因素的规律性。结果表明：适宜的浸取条件为硫酸溶液质量分数为25%,在70℃下,不断搅拌浸取6 h。固液分离后调节硫酸亚铁溶液pH=1～2,在70℃下蒸发浓缩结晶,即可得到99%以上硫酸亚铁晶体。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及其絮凝特性

采用常规的微生物学方法,从垃圾渗滤液中筛选到一株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌LB1,根据其形态学和生理生化特征初步鉴定该菌株属于假单胞菌属,命名为Pseudonomas sp. LB1。LB1所产微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性的研究结果表明,LB1的最佳产絮凝时间为96 h,所产絮凝活性物质主要是其生长过程中的胞外分泌物和细胞生长后期的次级代谢产物,菌体细胞本身具有一定的助凝作用。LB1所产絮凝剂最佳加样量为3％（体积分数V/V）;对pH的适应范围较宽,在4～10之间具有较高的絮凝活性,均大于75％;温度为25℃时絮凝率为86.3％,在25～60℃之间,絮凝率基本保持稳定;LB1所产絮凝剂对几种废水具有较好的絮凝效果。     

应用贝叶斯理论的河流污染源重建探讨

为深入了解河流中有毒有害物质事故性污染的污染源、污染物质扩散等情况,通过MATLAB实现了河流中污染物质一维扩散模型的差分解法.该扩散模型可用于模拟1个或多个瞬时点源、持续稳定点源和持续变化点源情况下,河流中污染物质浓度随时间的变化,具有一定准确度.根据贝叶斯理论,结合扩散模型和监测数据估计污染源的位置和强度,并采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法进行后验推断,以解决贝叶斯模型计算复杂的问题.已知污染源情况下,可采用本文给出的扩散模型模拟河流下游污染物质浓度随时间的变化;污染源未知而拥有一定监测数据情况下,则可以采用本文提出的河流污染源重建技术估计污染源的位置、强度等.     

湖北省重大自然灾害数据库的设计与应用

自然灾害,尤其是重大自然灾害是影响生产布局、制约区域经济发展的重要因素,在重大灾害中,气象灾害和地震灾害是对人类威胁最大的灾种。湖北省地处长江中游,是我国重大自然灾害的多发区与重灾区,其减灾、防灾的研究具特别重要的意义。通过对湖北省历代有关气象灾害和地震灾害历史文献的收集、整理、分等分级,并且在计算机软硬件平台的支持下生成数据库,将零散、杂乱的各处有关灾害的史料变成一个有序的信息源,为有关抗灾、防