聚天冬氨酸作为油田阻垢剂的研究进展

目前国内油田注水管线清洗需要性能更佳的阻垢剂。经过对比研究,选择聚天冬氨酸作为油田阻垢清洗剂。同传统的阻垢剂相比,它的阻垢效果好,而且生物降解性极佳。分析了合成条件、相对分子量对合成的聚天冬氨酸阻垢性能的影响,确定了最佳的合成条件,并提出了聚天冬氨酸在其他领域的应用和今后的发展方向。     

紧急避难场所优化布局理论研究

建设应急避难场所是国际社会应对突发性事件的一项灾民安置措施,同时也是现代化大城市用于民众躲避地震、火灾、爆炸、洪水等重大自然灾害的安全避难场所.本文在对避难场所规划原则、城市避难场所布局、选址及其要求进行分析的基础上,提出了城市避难场所数量、容量的确定路线,并对避难场所布局优化进行了研究,提出了网络优化模型,并结合实际应用对其进行了一定的完善.     

大庆石油管理局粉煤灰综合利用现状及前景

简要介绍了目前国内外粉煤灰利用的情况,分析了大庆石油管理局粉煤灰利用范围,主要包括筑路、生产水泥、加工切块、陶粒和步踏砖等,粉煤灰的综合利用率在70%以上。通过调查粉煤灰综合利用情况,对制作水泥和制作步踏砖存在的问题提出了解决办法。针对大庆油田的实际情况,在借鉴国内外其他方法和技术的基础上,提出了综合利用粉煤灰的其他建议,例如用于固井作业的水泥浆体系,生产铝盐,用于填埋固体废物等。     

高科技制造业环安卫风险管理系统

只要有危害源就会存在一定的风险。由于生产过程的需要,高科技制造行业往往使用大量有毒、危险化学品,生产环境与生产设备也不同于传统产业,也因此,如何运用有效地环安卫(环境保护、工业安全、职业健康)风险管理机制来避免各种危害源可能对企业造成的负面冲击,以降低高科技行业营运过程可能遭遇的环安卫风险一直是高科技行业风险管理者所面临的挑战。本文将介绍如何以PDCA持续改善的架构来贯穿高科技行业环安卫风险管理流程与风险管理概念。     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THREE WETLAND ENVIRONMENTS IN THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Accurate estimates of evapotranspiration from areas dominated by wetland vegetation are needed in the water budget of the Upper St. Johns River Basin. However, local data on evapotranspiration rates, especially in wetland environments, were lacking in the project area. In response to this need, the St. Johns River Water Management District collected evapotranspiration field data in Fort Drum Marsh Conservation Area over the period 1996 through 1999. Three large lysimeters were installed to measure the evapotranspiration from different wetland environments: sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense), cattail (Typha domingensis), and open water. In addition, pan evaporation was measured with a standard class “A” pan. Concurrently, meteorological data including rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, air temperature, and atmospheric pressure were collected. By comparing computed evapotranspiration rates with those measured in the lysimeters, parameters in the Penman‐Monteith, the Priestley‐Taylor, and Reference‐ET methods, and evaporation pan coefficients were estimated for monthly and seasonal cycles. The results from the data collected in this study show that mean monthly evapotranspiration rates, computed by the different methods, are relatively close. From a practical point of view, results indicate that the evaporation pan can be used equally well as the more complex and data‐intensive methods. This paper presents the measured evapotranspiration rates, evaporation pan coefficients, and the estimated parameter values for three different methods to compute evapotranspiration in the project area. Since local data on evaporation are often scarce or lacking, this information may be useful to watershed hydrologists for practical application in other project regions.     

电力系统地震易损性研究

采用专家咨询方法研究了我国电力系统设施及功能的地震易损性,详细论述了所使用的方法及其步骤,给出了设施易损性和功能易损性的调查结果。数据的统计处理表明,这些结果可以用Logistic曲线得到很好的拟合。地震烈度的临界点出现在Ⅸ度与X度之间。本文的结果不但具有理论价值,而且具有应用价值。     

试论保险公司的洪涝减灾对策

洪涝是危害极为严重的灾种之一，并正在日益加剧。它在给人民生命财产造成巨大损失的同时，也给保险经营构成严重威胁。作者在分析我国洪涝灾害特点和规律的基础上，从保险公司角度提出洪涝的防灾减灾对策，以求把洪涝灾害造成的损失减少到最低程度，实现社会效益和自身效益的双重目标。     

Analysis of the origin of peak aerosol optical depth in springtime over the Gulf of Tonkin

By aggregating MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) AOD(aerosol optical depth) and OMI(ozone monitoring instrument) UVAI(ultra violet aerosol index)datasets over 2010–2014, it was found that peak aerosol loading in seasonal variation occurred annually in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin(17–23°N, 105–110°E). The vertical structure of the aerosol extinction coefficient retrieved from the spaceborne lidar CALIOP(cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization) showed that the springtime peak AOD could be attributed to an abrupt increase in aerosol loading between altitudes of 2 and 5 km.In contrast, aerosol loading in the low atmosphere(below 1 km) was only half of that in winter. Wind fields in the low and high atmosphere exhibited opposite transportation patterns in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin, implying different sources for each level. By comparing the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources with biomass burning, and analyzing the seasonal variation of the vertical structure of aerosols over the Northern Indo-China Peninsula(NIC), it was concluded that biomass burning emissions contributed to high aerosol loading in spring. The relatively high topography and the high surface temperature in spring made planetary boundary layer height greater than 3 km over NIC. In addition, small-scale cumulus convection frequently occurred, facilitating pollutant rising to over 3 km, which was a height favoring long-range transport. Thus, pollutants emitted from biomass burning over NIC in spring were raised to the high atmosphere, then experienced long-range transport, leading to the increase in aerosol loading at high altitudes over the Gulf of Tonkin during spring.     

危险化学品泄漏事故应急处置技术

在介绍化学事故应急处置的步骤、程序的基础上,结合自身的研究工作对危险化学品泄漏事故应急处置的方法及相关技术进行了归纳和总结,并对各种方法在危险化学品泄漏事故应急处置的应用前景及尚待开展的工作进行了评述和展望.     

CDM问题的冷思考

CDM,即清洁发展机制,是基于《京都议定书》衍生出的温室气体跨界减排的三大机制之一。发达国家可以通过向不承担减排义务的发展中国家购买"可核证的排放削减量(CERs)",从而履行《京都议定书》所规定的减排义务。目前中国正在积极发展CDM项目。在CDM给中国带来利益的同时,也要警惕审批程序带来的不确定性、恶性价格竞争、未来政策的变动及额外性要求和成本偏高等风险,提高认识水平、加强内外沟通、深入方法学研究、拓展CDM项目领域、把握技术规则和排放标准的主动权是我们应该积极主动采取的对策。