战略环境评价的概略性与前瞻性

本文在对SEA的概念、目的、类型和程序进行综述的基础上,从SEA的概略性与前瞻性对SEA的特征进行了分析,说明SEA是一种形成行动策略的过程或方法,其重点分析实现战略目标的途径,处理战略层次的概念性、普遍性、根本性问题,并为较低层次的SEA和EIA提供背景、基础和框架;同项目EIA相比,SEA具有更强的概略性和前瞻性,是衡量SEA有效性的重要依据.     

多米诺效应定量风险分析

根据多米诺效应的特点,提出了针对多米诺场景和效应后果的定量风险分析方法.首先辨识多米诺效应的事故场景,针对场景的复杂性和事故后果的严重性,运用数学模型和概率分析手段对主要事故场景进行分析; 其次根据初始事故的影响,运用设备损坏概率模型计算二次目标设备的损坏概率和场景的后果; 最后,运用人体脆弱性模型对效应后果进行分析,量化多米诺效应的风险,结合风险分析方法和理论得到直观的个人风险和F-N社会风险曲线.多米诺分析流程及计算的结果表明,多米诺效应对个人风险和社会风险都造成了显著的变化,加强多米诺效应分析有利于工厂规划布局和安全管理.     

风险积分参数RI在LPG站风险分析及评价中的应用

对液化石油气站选址风险进行定量分析,判断风险的可接受性,从而确定选址是否合理。拟建液化石油气站的F／N曲线未知,辨识液化石油气站可能发生的最严重事故,并应用风险积分参数确定液化石油气站的风险。经判断,液化石油气站可能发生的最严重事故为沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸（BLEVE）,应用BLEVE火球模型对事故后果进行评价并确定事故影响范围,进而确定影响范围内的最大人数及事故发生频率,在此基础上对LPG站的风险积分参数进行计算。将计算结果与英国安全卫生执行局应用ALARP准则制定的风险可接受标准进行比较。结果表明,该液化石油气站的风险处于合理可接受区。采取一定风险减缓措施后,可考虑在此地点建设液化石油气站。     

矮塔斜拉桥单侧断索和双侧对称断索影响效应分析

为研究断索现象对矮塔斜拉桥力学性能和安全性的影响,以浙江某实际工程为背景,使用Midas/Civil建立有限元模型,研究单侧单束断索和双侧对称断索两种工况分别对斜拉索索力、塔顶DX位移和主梁跨中弯矩的影响。研究发现：单侧断索对断索侧索力和跨中弯矩、主塔塔顶DX位移的影响较大;双侧对称断索对主塔两侧索力和跨中弯矩影响趋势相同,对边塔塔顶DX位移影响较大;最外侧斜拉索断裂对3个力学指标的影响均为最大,故实际运营中应重视对外侧斜拉索的保护。     

Testing homogeneity of capture probabilities of animals in a removal experiment

Consider the removal experiment used to estimate population sizes. Statistical methods towards testing the homogeneity of capture probabilities of animals, including a graphical diagnostic and a formal test, are presented and illustrated by real biological examples. Simulation is used to assess the test and compare it with the χ² test.

Observation of black carbon aerosol in Beijing, 2003

The objective of this study was to determine the black carbon concentration in Beijing in 2003. The aerosol properties were measured using an Aethalometer and a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) on the roof of the Physics Building of Peking University (39.99° N, 116.31° E) from July to August 2003 and from November 2003 to January 2004. The average black carbon (BC) concentrations in the summer and winter were 8.80 and 11.4 μg/m³, respectively. During winter, two different cyclone cut offs were installed at the inlet of an aethalometer. The BC mass concentration in TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 were obtained. The results indicated that in winter aerosol, 90% of BC exited in PM₁₀ and 82.6% of BC exited in PM_2.5. The BC in PM₁₀ accounted for 5.11% of the PM₁₀ mass.     

氮改性活性碳纤维的脱硫作用

为了提高活性碳纤维的脱硫性能,使用三聚氰胺、氯化铵、尿素作为改性剂对活性碳纤维进行改性,得到一系列含氮活性碳纤维(N-ACFs).通过XPS研究了改性活性碳纤维的表面化学结构的变化,并测定了其脱硫性能.实验发现:三聚氰胺改性ACF的最大累积硫容为38.26 mg/g,氯化铵改性ACF的最大累积硫容33.69 mg/g,...     

Relationship between environmental exposure to toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene and the expired breath concentrations for gasoline service workers

This study evaluated the relationship between the breath concentrations of, and personal exposure to, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene of thirty workers from ten gasoline stations. Personal exposure air samples and workplace samples were collected simultaneously. Each subject provided a sample of exhaled breath after his or her personal exposure air was sampled. Twenty-five personal air, 17 workplace and 30 breath samples were collected in this study. Results indicated that breath concentrations of toluene and xylene were significantly correlated with personal monitoring concentrations. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis showed that exhaled toluene levels were highly influenced by personal toluene concentrations and the amount of personal gasoline sold (r2 = 0.762), while exhaled xylene levels depended on wind speed and personal xylene exposure concentrations (r2 = 0.665). Exhaled ethylbenzene levels were too low to present a relationship between concentrations and personal exposure levels. The exhaled toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene concentrations ranged from 4.3 to 41.8, 0.9 to 13.9, and 0.2 to 6.5 ppb, and the corresponding personal monitoring concentrations ranged from 60.3 to 572.3, 16.4 to 156.6, and 10.7 to 136.6, respectively. The average number of symptoms per person, according to neurotoxic questionnaire 16 (abbreviated as Q16) was 4.1 and six workers showed over six symptoms in Q16. This study suggests that exhaled toluene and xylene levels are suitable for use as biological exposure indices even at the ppb-level of exposure. Gasoline service workers are exposed to high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the potential threats to their neurological systems deserve further investigation.     

Key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents in China

Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment. The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives and property. This paper provides an overview of the key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents around the globe with emphasis on the major achievements that China has obtained in recent years.With decades of effort, China has made significant progress in em...     

垃圾填埋场恶臭气体的扩散规律研究

为了研究垃圾填埋场恶臭气体硫化氢在大气中的扩散规律,以某垃圾填埋场为例,利用AERMOD空气扩散模型输出垃圾填埋场周边地区各网格点的浓度预测结果,并利用Surfer软件绘制最高浓度等值线图.根据模拟结果、浓度等值线图得到最不利气象条件下整个区域的硫化氢浓度分布.通过浓度分布图分析得出,垃圾填埋场恶臭对周边的污染主要受到气象条件、地理位置、恶臭间歇性高释放率的释放特点、恶臭释放源强等因素的影响.