动态条件下各形态内源磷释放动力学研究

实验在流量为3L/d,水通量变化率为1.17 L(水)/g(湿泥).d-1的动态条件下模拟自然条件下内源磷的释放过程,对内源磷的释放过程、形态变化以及释放速率进行考察。研究表明,内源磷释放可分为两个阶段:快速释放阶段,释放速率由铁磷释放决定;慢速释放阶段,释放速率由铁磷释放和钙磷释放共同决定。整个释放过程中内源磷形态分布有较大变化。动力学分析表明总内源磷释放在表观上符合4.5级动力学反应,铁磷释放在表观上符合5.4级动力学反应,钙磷释放在表观上符合一级动力学反应。     

Predicting Extinction Risk of Brazilian Atlantic Forest Angiosperms

Understanding how plant life history affects species vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances and environmental change is a major ecological challenge. We examined how vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size relate to extinction risk throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest domain. We used a database containing species‐level information of 6,929 angiosperms within 112 families and a molecular‐based working phylogeny. We used decision trees, standard regression, and phylogenetic regression to explore the relationships between species attributes and extinction risk. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in extinction risk. Vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size were related to species extinction risk, but the effect of growth form was not evident after phylogeny was controlled for. Species restricted to either rocky outcrops or scrub vegetation on sandy coastal plains exhibited the highest extinction risk among vegetation types, a finding that supports the hypothesis that species adapted to resource‐limited environments are more vulnerable to extinction. Among growth forms, epiphytes were associated with the highest extinction risk in non‐phylogenetic regression models, followed by trees, whereas shrubs and climbers were associated with lower extinction risk. However, the higher extinction risk of epiphytes was not significant after correcting for phylogenetic relatedness. Our findings provide new indicators of extinction risk and insights into the mechanisms governing plant vulnerability to extinction in a highly diverse flora where human disturbances are both frequent and widespread. Predicción del Riesgo de Extinción de Angiospermas del Bosque Atlántico Brasileño     

Current Practice and Future Prospects for Social Data in Coastal and Ocean Planning

Coastal and ocean planning comprises a broad field of practice. The goals, political processes, and approaches applied to planning initiatives may vary widely. However, all planning processes ultimately require adequate information on both the biophysical and social attributes of a planning region. In coastal and ocean planning practice, there are well‐established methods to assess biophysical attributes; however, less is understood about the role and assessment of social data. We conducted the first global assessment of the incorporation of social data in coastal and ocean planning. We drew on a comprehensive review of planning initiatives and a survey of coastal and ocean practitioners. There was significantly more incorporation of social data in multiuse versus conservation‐oriented planning. Practitioners engaged a wide range of social data, including governance, economic, and cultural attributes of planning regions and human impacts data. Less attention was given to ecosystem services and social–ecological linkages, both of which could improve coastal and ocean planning practice. Although practitioners recognize the value of social data, little funding is devoted to its collection and incorporation in plans. Increased capacity and sophistication in acquiring critical social and ecological data for planning is necessary to develop plans for more resilient coastal and ocean ecosystems and communities. We suggest that improving social data monitoring, and in particular spatial social data, to complement biophysical data, is necessary for providing holistic information for decision‐support tools and other methods. Moving beyond people as impacts to people as beneficiaries, through ecosystem services assessments, holds much potential to better incorporate the tenets of ecosystem‐based management into coastal and ocean planning by providing targets for linked biodiversity conservation and human welfare outcomes. La Práctica Actual y los Prospectos Futuros para los Datos Sociales en la Planeación Costera y Oceánica     

中国生物入侵的现状与趋势

采用文献调研、实地考察与专家咨询相结合的方式,对中国境内森林、湿地、草原、荒漠、内陆水域和海洋等生态系统的外来入侵物种进行调查,共查明488种外来入侵物种并收集其详细信息,包括名称、分类地位、分布、起源、首次发现或引入的地点和时间、入侵途径、危害、营养和环境条件等.在这488种外来入侵物种中,植物265种,动物171种,菌物26种,病毒12种,原核生物11种,原生生物3种.对有较明确入侵时间记载的392种外来入侵物种入侵年代的分析结果表明,1850年以前,仅出现31种外来人侵物种,自1850年起,新的外来入侵物种种数总体呈逐步上升趋势,特别是1950年后的60a间,新出现209种.外来入侵物种首次发现的地点集中在沿海地区及云南和新疆等边疆地区,但首次发现地点有逐步北移的趋势.有意引进与无意引进的外来入侵物种种数所占比例十分接近,近年来无意引进成为首要途径.美洲、欧洲和亚洲其他地区是中国外来入侵物种的主要来源地.外来入侵物种的分布呈现由沿海向内陆逐步减少的趋势.     

太湖叶绿素a浓度时空分异及其定量反演

利用2005年实测叶绿素a浓度数据分析了太湖叶绿素a浓度的时空分布特征,并利用同步光谱数据,分季节对太湖叶绿素a浓度的反演模型进行研究,从而分析叶绿素a的时空变化对反演模型的影响.首先分析1a内叶绿素a浓度随时间的变化规律,然后利用反距离加权插值法绘制叶绿素a浓度不同季节空间分布图,分析叶绿素a浓度在不同季节的空间分布规律,在此基础上分春、夏、秋3个季节和中营养化、轻度富营养化、中度富营养化、重度富营养化4个营养状态进行叶绿素a浓度定量反演模型研究.结果表明,太湖叶绿素a浓度具有明显的时空分布特征.夏季叶绿素a浓度最高,冬季最低,平均浓度分别为56.29μg/L、13.61 μg/L.秋季由于受到夏季高浓度的影响,叶绿素a浓度高于春季,平均值分别为26.43μg/L、34.78μg/L;夏季叶绿素a浓度空间变化最大,冬季全湖叶绿素a浓度含量较为均一,空间变化不明显,秋季空间差异要大于春季;全年北部湖区的空间差异较大,而南部湖区相对较小.不同季节叶绿素a反演算法模型不同,春、秋季波段比值法反演效果较好;而夏季微分法反演效果明显好于其它反演算法,不同营养状态条件下反演算法差异相对较小.     

废弃重组质粒DNA热处理效率的环境影响因素

为了解环境因素对质粒DNA热处理效率的影响以及热处理过程的有效性和安全性,以pET-28b质粒为材料,采用定量PCR技术结合质粒转化等方法分析了pH、NaCl、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)及EDTA浓度等因素对质粒DNA热处理的影响.结果表明,NaCl、BSA及EDTA的存在对热处理过程中的质粒DNA具有保护作用,且保护作用依次增强.在纯水中热处理30min后的质粒DNA可扩增的片段数仅是在0.1%的EDTA中热处理30min后质粒DNA可扩增片段数目的1.7%.由于生物实验室废水中通常含有上述有机或无机物质,因此,实际热处理过程中质粒DNA的降解半衰期可能远长于先前报道的2.7～4min,残留的转化活性也可能更高,这必须引起我们高度关注.但是,研究结果也表明,酸性条件下的热处理能加速质粒DNA的失活和降解,因此建议热处理过程可在弱酸性条件下完成,以强化其处理效果.     

太湖CDOM紫外吸收特性及其分子量时空分布特征

基于2006年8月16日、2007年3月28日对太湖梅梁湾15个样点和2007年11~12月对全湖61个样点的有色溶解性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数观测数据,对CDOM分子量相对大小的时空差异及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,梅梁湾地区主要富集的是高分子量CDOM,而大太湖地区则较为复杂,北部地区主要是高分子量的CDOM占据主导地位;而在太湖东西部,主要是低分子量的CDOM;南太湖区域,高分子量的CDOM和低分子量的CDOM相对平衡.不同波长范围内CDOM吸收模型的斜率系数(S)值对CDOM的分子组成的敏感性具有一定的差异性,UVR最为敏感,其次是UV-A,再次为UV-B,UV-C最不敏感.梅梁湾CDOM主要影响因素是陆源,陆源影响的强度随季节的变化具有一定的差异,其中8月份最强,其次是3月份,最弱为11月份.     

Deep-sea caging of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: Potential application in ecotoxicological studies

We experimented with caging the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) at various depths for 69 d to measure basic physiological parameters, histological response and bio-accumulation of contaminants in a deep-sea contaminated area. In preliminary experiments, we demonstrated, under artificial pressure conditions, the ability of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis to tolerate rapid immersion (at a speed of up to 120 m min^?1). In situ experiments were performed using submerged lines enabling mussels to be maintained at depths ranging of 40–1550 m with survival rates ranging from 80 to 38%, respectively. No significant differences in condition indexes were observed between treated and control specimens. However, histological observations demonstrated a clear reduction in thickness of the digestive epithelium with increasing depth exposure. By determining the contaminants in caged mussels, we found the following values for chromium accumulation: 27.4 μg g^?1 dry weight at 580 m depth and 9.8 μg g^?1 dry weight at 1550 m. Selected stations were located downstream of an industrial effluent at 420 m. The biological and environmental consequences of deep-sea contamination demonstrate the suitability of caged mussels for monitoring contaminant accumulation.     

脱色菌腐败希瓦氏菌的分离及其脱色性能研究

从印染废水处理装置中分离到一株高效脱色菌,经鉴定为腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens),这是该菌具有高效脱色性能的首次报道。在实验条件下,对该菌的脱色能力进行比较研究,它在合适条件下能有效地去除生产上常用的多种染料,在6h内对活性艳红染料的去除率可达99％～100％。实验中对充氧、温度以及共代谢碳源等因子对该苗的脱色能力的影响进行了研究,为在生产实际中的应用提供了依据。