Research progress on CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technique in plants北大核心CSCD

Many physical, chemical, and biotic stresses always threaten plants during their growth and development. Using the genome editing technique is a good strategy to improve plant characteristics. CRISPR/Cas (clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats / CRISPR-associated protein), the adaptive and heritable immune system of prokaryotes, is a genome editing technique newly developed during recent years. At present, the type II CRISPR / Cas9 system is most widely used. Many plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, tobacco, soybean, tomato, potato, rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, petunia, banana, sweet orange, apple, poplar, and Marchantia polymorpha, have been edited successfully for stress tolerance, delay of fruit ripening, herbicide resistance, and disease resistance, etc. This system is achieved by the formation of nuclease Cas9 and crRNA: tracrRNA (CRISPR-derived RNA:trans-activating RNA) complex. Further studies about the effect of the promoters of Cas9 and gRNA and the number of gRNA targets on gene editing efficiency have been discussed. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

小型区域形状规整性对环境噪声测量误差的影响分析

本文通过对小型区规整性与环境噪声抽样测量误差的讨论,提出了区域形状的改变对抽样测量误差的影响状况。     

LnSrCoO4对CO和C3H8的氧化性能

采用聚乙二醇凝胶法制备LnSrCoO4(Ln=La,Sm)复合氧化物,考察了其对CO和C3H8的氧化反应活性,并运用XRD,BET,TEM和TPD等方法对其进行了表征．结果表明：该类复合氧化物具有四方K2NiF。结构,对CO和C3H8的氧化反应具有不同的催化活性,而LaSrCo04催化活性更好．     

Heavy metal bioavailability and chelate mobilization efficiency in an assisted phytoextraction process

The heavy metal bioavailable fraction of a soil is a core parameter to verify the potential risks of contaminant exposure to organisms or plants. The purpose of the present work is to identify the bioavailable metal fraction in soils treated with chelates. This fraction was evaluated directly by analyzing metal concentrations in soil solution and indirectly using sequential extraction procedures. The metal bioavailable fraction was compared with metal accumulated in plant leaves, grown in both untreated and chelate-treated reactors. In order to verify the effect of the readily and slowly biodegradable chelates [S,S]-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS), methylglycine diacetic acid (MGDA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on metal speciation in soils, a simulation of chelate treatment was made and metal concentrations in different soil compartments before and after the simulation were compared. Lead concentration in the soil solution was positively correlated with metal concentration in the test plants. The soluble fraction showed the best correlation with metal concentration in soil solution. The simulation of the chelate treatment demonstrated that EDTA and EDDS were able to extract part of the organic- and sulfide-bound fraction, which are less available to plants.     

A Method for Locating Influential Pollution Sources and Estimating Their Contributions

This work develops a source-oriented approach to locate the influential pollution sources and estimate their contributions to pollutant concentrations observed at a receptor site. The domain containing possible influential pollution sources is divided into systematic grid cells, and the influential grid sources are determined based on the locations of the segment endpoints of air trajectories arriving at the receptors. The contribution of each grid source is initially calculated using a formula derived from a Lagrangian box model and including the effects of source emissions, atmospheric dilution, and chemical transformation and deposition. The formula is described in detail in this study. Finally, the average contribution of each grid source is determined based on numerous analyzed events. The proposed approach was used to locate influential pollution sources and determine their contributions to a rural monitoring station during periods of high SO₂ pollution in southern Taiwan. The contributions of sources in various 2 km by 2 km grid cells, five districts, three source categories, 8 industrial areas, and a power plant were evaluated. The results show that the major influential sources were in the northwestern region of south Taiwan, and belonged to three district and point sources. Furthermore, two industrial areas close to the evaluated stations were also very significant, and contributed about 30% of the total pollution.     

初沉池对污水中无机悬浮固体的影响

随着生物除磷脱氮工艺的大量使用,初沉池的设置和取消一直在学术和工程界存在争议。以重庆市某污水厂为对象,从对无机悬浮固体(ISS)、COD和TN去除效果的角度探讨了初沉池在污水处理系统的重要性。研究结果表明,在合流制排水体制下,该污水厂进水污染物浓度非常高,COD、SS和ISS的平均浓度分别为560、1 100和780 mg/L;初沉池对COD、SS和ISS的去除率分别为61%、78%和85%,对ISS的去除率比COD高20%左右;污水经过初沉池沉淀之后,ISS/COD从1.7下降到0.7左右,COD/TN从8.0左右下降到4.3,粒径由40μm下降到30μm。初沉池对大粒径的ISS具有较好的去除效果,未能被去除的小粒径ISS容易悬浮在混合液中,降低MLVSS/MLSS。从ISS/COD的削减和保持混合液MLVSS/MLSS正常的角度来讲,初沉池不应取消。     

Long-term monitoring and modeling of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from municipal solid waste incinerators and surrounding area in northern Taiwan

Municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) have long been the major contributors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) to ambient air in Taiwan. After stringent MSWI emission standards were introduced in 2001, the long-term continuous monitoring of flue gas and ambient air quality became necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the related control strategies. Three MSWIs and the surrounding ambient air were investigated in the current study for PCDD/F characteristics during 2006 to 2011. The average concentrations in the flue gas ranged from 0.008?~?0.0488 ng I-TEQ/Nm³, which is much less than the emission standard in Taiwan (0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm³) (I-TEQ is the abbreviation of International Toxic Equivalent). This led to extremely low levels in the ambient air, 0.0255 pg I-TEQ/Nm³, much less than the levels seen in most urban areas around the world. Additionally, the results obtained using the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term Dispersion Model (ISCST3) indicate that the PCDD/F contributions from the three MSWIs to the ambient air were only in the range from 0.164?~?0.723 %. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the PCDD/Fs in the air samples had very similar characteristics to those from mobile sources. The results thus show that stringent regulations have been an effective control strategy, especially for urban areas, such as Taipei City.     

Evaluation and application of blast furnace slag as a mud cake modifier

The aim of this research was to reuse blast furnace slag (BFS) as a mud cake modifier (MCM) to improve the annular isolation quality in oil and gas wells. For the optimum formula of drilling fluid, the effects of MCM on the drilling fluid rheology were investigated. The relationship between the MCM addition and shear strength at cement–formation interface (SSCFI) was evaluated. The experimental results showed that the optimized formula of the drilling fluid has 1.0 wt% MCM and 0.5 wt% XY-27. The simulation results showed that SSCFI increased significantly with the addition of MCM. Based on the mechanism analysis of BFS as an MCM to improve SSCFI, it is found that the transformation of mud cake to agglomerated cake can be the main reason. The application results showed that the success rate of five wells reached 100%, and the rate of quality in cement was 100%. Especially, the average high quality rate of five wells reached 83.7%. Compared with conventional methods, the average high quality rate is increased by 32.6% points. This research provides a new way for sustainable utilization of BFS.     

On-site phytoremediation applicability assessment in Alur Ilmu,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia based on spatial and pollution removal analyses

The present paper aims to assess the phytoremediation performance based on pollution removal efficiency of the highly polluted region of Alur Ilmu urban river for its applicability of on-site treatment. Thirteen stations along Alur Ilmu were selected to produce thematic maps through spatial distribution analysis based on six water quality parameters of Malaysia’s Water Quality Index (WQI) for dry and raining seasons. The maps generated were used to identify the highly polluted region for phytoremediation applicability assessment. Four free-floating plants were tested in treating water samples from the highly polluted region under three different conditions, namely controlled, aerated and normal treatments. The selected free-floating plants were water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), rose water lettuce (Pistia sp.) and pennywort (Centella asiatica). The results showed that Alur Ilmu was more polluted during dry season compared to raining season based on the water quality analysis. During dry season, four parameters were marked as polluted along Alur Ilmu, namely dissolve oxygen (DO), 4.72 mg/L (class III); ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃–N), 0.85 mg/L (class IV); total suspended solid (TSS), 402 mg/L (class V) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), 3.89 mg/L (class III), whereas, two parameters were classed as polluted during raining season, namely total suspended solid (TSS), 571 mg/L (class V) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), 4.01 mg/L (class III). The thematic maps generated from spatial distribution analysis using Kriging gridding method showed that the highly polluted region was recorded at station AL 5. Hence, water samples were taken from this station for pollution removal analysis. All the free-floating plants were able to reduce TSS and COD in less than 14 days. However, water hyacinth showed the least detrimental effect from the phytoremediation process compared to other free-floating plants, thus made it a suitable free-floating plants to be used for on-site treatment.