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991.
This study was performed at Vikane in the Sognefjord, Norway, from September 1987 to October 1988 on the blue musselMytilus edulis collected monthly at three different depths (3 to 6, 6 to 8 and 8 to 12 m). Cell numbers of three species ofDinophysis from mussel digestive glands and in seawater were counted for each specimen. Multivariable statistical methods were used to detect annual cycles of phytoplankton abundance in the fjord and to examine the contribution of each species to toxification of mussels. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicated the following results: (1) an annual cycle and an inter-specific association of threeDinophysis species populations were pointed out.D. acuta andD. norvegica were well associated over the entire period of this study, and exhibited an autumnal peak.D. acuminata was dissociated from these species and reached its maximum abundance between spring and early summer. (2) The threeDinophysis species induced toxicity in the blue mussels in different manners.D. acuta andD. norvegica were responsible for high autumnal toxicity, andD. acuminata for the spring peak. (3) A long persistence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in blue mussels (from April to February), and a depth gradient of toxicity were observed — the toxicity value in the upper layer being double those of other depths. 相似文献
992.
The megabenthic fauna in the deep sea south of New England,USA 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Data from 105 benthic trawls made in an area south of New England, USA between 40 and 5000 m show the fauna to be zoned with depth, areas of rapid faunal change separating regions of relative faunal homogeneity. Distinct faunal assemblages with characteristic catch rates, diversity, and dominant species are found on the shelf (40 to 264 m), upper continental slope (283 to 650 m), middle continental slope (653 to 1290 m), lower continental slope (1380 to 1947 m), the transitional region from slope to rise (2116 to 2481 m), the upper continental (2504 to 3113 m), the middle continental rise (3244 to 3470 m), and lower continental rise to abyssal plain (3879 to 4986 m). Catch rates and diversity are greatest on the lower continental slope and transition to the upper rise, and are lowest at the greatest depths. Dominance, particularly by echinoderms, is an important aspect of community structure. The 3 major taxa represented (decapod crustaccean, echinoderms, and fishes) do not always display the same patterns within and between assemblages. Generalities derived from study of a single group need not apply to all segments of the deep-ocean community. Overall patterns in the megafauna are similar to those described in other groups and areas, but species assemblages are not the same everywhere and perhaps too much has been made of the horizontal extent of zones. Trophic level is related to degree of zonation, but where predators are generalists their ranges may be wide rather than restricted. Diversity patterns can be understood in terms of the interrelationships of predation, competition, environmental heterogeneity, and trophic level. Faunal zones are of importance as the geographical units within which evolution, community development, and diversification take place.This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE76-21878, the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C0262, and, in part, by the United States Department of Energy under Contract No. EY-76-C-02-0016 and the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Cancil under Grant A-7230 相似文献
993.
Larvae of the mud crab Eurypanopeus depressus (Smith) were reared in various concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of Kuwait crude oil. The 48-h TLm (median tolerance limit) for Zoea Stage I was approximately 10 ppm total dissolved hydrocarbons and that for Zoea Stage II approximately 17 ppm. Chronic toxicity of more dilute solutions (4.3 and 8.7 ppm) was assessed independently for each larval stage and for subsequent developmental stages through Crab Stage 5. In the group continuously exposed to oil from hatching, there was differential mortality relative to controls in every larval stage and increased duration of intermolt periods was observed at every stage through Crab Stage 5. Mortality in groups not exposed until larvae had reached Zoea Stages III or IV was not greater than controls, suggesting that toxicity to advanced larval stages may be related to accumulation of toxic compounds by the larvae. Neither concentration (4.3 or 8.7 ppm) of crude oil caused increased mortality among juvenile crab stages regardless of the time of initial exposure. Increased occurrence of an extra and morphologically abnormal megalopa stage was associated with exposure to the crude oil. This has not been reported before.Communicated by I. Morris, West Boothbay Harbor 相似文献
994.
Nitrogen regeneration during the degradation of several amino acids by plankton communities collected near Halifax,Nova Scotia,Canada 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J. T. Hollibaugh 《Marine Biology》1978,45(3):191-201
Nitrogen regeneration accompanying the bacterial degradation of a variety of amino acids supplied at 10.0 M to samples of coastal plankton communities collected near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada was examined. A lag period characterized by a low rate of amino acid uptake and ammonia release was typically followed by a dramatic increase in the rates of uptake and ammonia release. The duration of the lag period varied with the amino acid tested. The ratio of the final ammonia concentration to the nitrogen supplied as amino acid was taken as the regeneration ratio. This value varied from 0.58 to 0.86 for L-arginine and 0.38 to 1.17 for the other amino acids tested, with an average value of 0.74. The presence of inorganic fixed nitrogen at 10.0 M had no effect on the degradation of L-arginine. Other organic compounds supplied at 10.0 M decreased the lag period for L-arginine uptake and degradation. Glucose supplied at 50.0 M decreased the nitrogen regeneration ratio, but did not further decrease the lag for L-arginine degradation. Carbon respiration ratios for L-arginine, L-glutamate, and L-lysine were 0.70, 0.68, and 0.65 when the nitrogen regeneration ratios were 0.86, 0.38, and 0.77, respectively. 相似文献
995.
A field and laboratory study in 1984–1985 using the foregut contents of crabs caught in Moreton Bay, Queensland, when trawling was underway, showed that animals discarded from trawls constituted about 33% of the diet. Portunus pelagicus can fill its foregut in about 8 min and clear it completely of tissues in about 6 h, except for fish bone which requires about 24 h. P. pelagicus used a zigzag search pattern to find food and moved towards it at a mean point-to-point speed of 290 m h-1 (8 cm s-1). Underwater still photography on the trawl grounds showed that P. pelagicus was the most common scavenger attracted to a bait that simulated trawl-discards, and that it was most active at dusk. Trawler-discards at periods of high food demand in summer may allow larger populations of P. pelagicus to exist than would otherwise occur. 相似文献
996.
Malia Chevolot Peter H. J. Wolfs Jónbjörn Pálsson Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp Wytze T. Stam Jeanine L. Olsen 《Marine Biology》2007,151(4):1275-1286
Population genetic structure of the thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) was surveyed in >300 individuals sampled from Newfoundland, Iceland, Norway, the Kattegat and the central North Sea. A 290-bp
fragment of the mt cytochrome-b gene was first screened by SSCP. Sequences of SSCP haplotypes revealed 34 haplotypes, 14 of
which were unique to Iceland, 3 to Newfoundland, 1 to Norway and 3 to the Kattegat. The global F
ST was weak but significant. Removal of the two Kattegat locations, which were the most differentiated, resulted in no significant
genetic differentiation. Haplotype diversity was high and evenly distributed across the entire Atlantic (h = 0.8) with the exception of the North Sea (h = 0.48). Statistical parsimony revealed a star-like genealogy with a central widespread haplotype. A subsequent nested clade
analysis led to the inference of contiguous expansion with evidence for long distance dispersal between Newfoundland and Iceland.
Historical demographic analysis showed that thorny skates have undergone exponential population expansion that started between
1.1 million and 690,000 years ago; and that the Last Glacial Maximum apparently had little effect. These results strongly
differ from those of a parallel study of the thornback ray (Raja clavata) in which clear structure and former refugial areas could be identified. Although both species have similar life history
traits and overlapping ranges, the continental shelf edge apparently does not present a barrier to migration in A. radiata, as it does for R. clavata. 相似文献
997.
Adam R. Smith William T. Wcislo Sean O’Donnell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(7):1111-1120
Facultatively solitary and eusocial species allow for direct tests of the benefits of group living. We used the facultatively
social sweat bee Megalopta genalis to test several benefits of group living. We surveyed natural nests modified for observation in the field weekly for 5 weeks
in 2003. First, we demonstrate that social and solitary nesting are alternative behaviors, rather than different points on
one developmental trajectory. Next, we show that solitary nests suffered significantly higher rates of nest failure than did
social nests. Nest failure apparently resulted from solitary foundress mortality and subsequent brood orphanage. Social nests
had significantly higher productivity, measured as new brood cells provisioned during the study, than did solitary nests.
After accounting for nest failures, per capita productivity did not change with group size. Our results support key predictions
of Assured Fitness Return models, suggesting such indirect fitness benefits favor eusocial nesting in M. genalis. We compared field collections of natural nests to our observation nest data to show that without accounting for nest failures,
M. genalis appear to suffer a per capita productivity decrease with increasing group size. Calculating per capita productivity from
collected nests without accounting for the differential probabilities of survival across group sizes leads to an overestimate
of solitary nest productivity. 相似文献
998.
The microphytoplankton assemblages were studied from water samples collected at eight discrete depths in the top 120 m at
five central (open ocean) and four western (shelf/slope region) locations in the Bay of Bengal. The Bay is a low-productive
warm pool regime with poor inorganic nutrient inputs to its intensely stratified surface layer despite the very large riverine
influx. In addition, the prolonged cloud cover has an adverse effect on the top 25–40 m, on primary production, chlorophyll
concentration and phytoplankton assemblages. Microphytoplankton were the most abundant in the northern area of the Bay. A
total of 153 phytoplankton species were identified during this study. The most abundant species (at least 1,800 individual
cells belonging to a given species or ≥2% of the total counts of identified specimens) during this study were: Thalassiothrix longissima, Thalassiothrix fauenfeldii, Rhizosolenia styliformis, Nitzschia angularis, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Coscinodiscus radiatus, Chaetoceros eibenii, Skeletonema costatum, Coscinodiscus concinnus and Chaetoceros coarctatus. Similarly, there were 20 moderately abundant (≥0.5 but <2%) species. Thirty-three of the least abundant species (<0.5%)
occurred at one station. Diatom species, T. fauenfeldii and T. longissima were ubiquitous in the study area. The exclusive occurrence of S. costatum in the northernmost stations suggests that it proliferates only in the low-salinity regions with adequate silica from the
land inputs. Abundance of pennate diatoms was higher in the open Bay compared to that of centric diatoms in the more productive
northern locations and the western Bay. There appears to be a basic difference between near shore flora and offshore flora.
This first analysis of phytoplankton assemblages from the offshore Bay suggests that while there is predominance of only a
few species, the Bay harbors very diverse diatom communities that seem to be syntrophic, non-competitive and co-habiting in
the generally low nutrient, stratified surface waters. 相似文献
999.
We examined physiological stress responses in the edible crab, Cancer pagurus, subjected to the commercial fishery practice of manual de-clawing. We measured haemolymph glucose and lactate, plus muscular
glycogen and glycogen mobilisation, in three experiments where the crabs had one claw removed. In the first, crabs showed
physiological stress responses when ‘de-clawed’ as compared to ‘handled only’ over the short term of 1–10 min. In the second,
de-clawing and the presence of a conspecific both increased the physiological stress responses over the longer term of 24 h.
In the third, de-clawing was shown to be more stressful than ‘induced autotomy’ of claws. Further, the former practice caused
larger wounds to the body and significantly higher mortality than the latter. Since the fishery practice is to remove both
claws, the stress response observed and mortality data reported are conservative. 相似文献
1000.