Polyclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of paclobutrazol in fruits

Abstract

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator (PGR) widely used in fruit and vegetable cultivation. However, due to the severe toxicity of PBZ, a sub-ppm level maximum residue limit (MRL) was established worldwide. Therefore, it is significant to propose a rapid, sensitive and high throughput screening method for monitoring the PBZ residues in foods. In this study, a simple and sensitive indirect competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established for PBZ detection in fruits basing polyclonal antibody. For both economy and pollution prevention, a microwave-solvent-free method was used to synthesize the PBZ hapten with high efficiency. The detection conditions, such as coating antigen concentration, antibody concentration, organic reagent concentration, ionic strength and pH, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, this method showed high sensitivity and specificity. The detection range is 1.27-138.23?ng/mL, half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) is 13.26?ng/mL, and the IC₂₀ was lower than the reported ELISAs for PBZ. Additionally, this method had high accuracy and precision. The recoveries were ranged from 88.78% to 96.80% in PBZ spiked apple samples with RSD below 4%. All the results showed that the polyclonal antibody based icELISA could be useful for PBZ screening in fruit samples.     

镉对大型溞肠道结构及消化酶活力的影响

镉(Cd~(2+))作为水环境中毒性较强的污染物之一,对水生动物各器官均造成了不良影响。为了了解镉对消化系统的毒性机理,研究了镉胁迫对大型溞(Daphnia magna)肠道组织及消化酶活力的影响。依据国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)中Ⅴ类水质的镉浓度标准限值的1倍、5倍和9倍设置3个镉浓度组(0.01、0.05、0.09 mg·L~(-1))和1个对照组,分别处理24、48 h。结果表明,镉处理对大型溞肠道结构、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活力均产生了影响。首先,随着镉浓度的升高,显微结构显示,大型溞肠道上皮细胞排列松散、不整齐,并出现"空泡化";内侧纹状缘严重脱落。亚显微结构显示,肠道微绒毛出现断裂、溶解消失现象;线粒体发生肿胀、空泡化,嵴断裂或消失。其次,淀粉酶活力显著降低(P<0.01),与镉浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系;脂肪酶活力在镉浓度为0.01～0.05 mg·L~(-1)时升高,在0.09 mg·L~(-1)时活力被抑制;胰蛋白酶在镉处理24 h浓度为0.01 mg·L~(-1)时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在镉处理48 h时,各浓度组均显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。镉对大型溞消化酶活力的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为0.01 mg·L~(-1)。大型溞作为常用的毒理学监测动物,实验结果将为含镉废水排放标准的完善提供理论依据。     

Exchange-rate economics for the resources sector

The paper provides an account of aspects of exchange-rate economics that are of particular relevance to the resources sector. The issues discussed include exchange-rate volatility and the risk management practices used to deal with it, the role of productivity differences across countries, and the impact of a booming resources sector on the country's exchange rate. The discussion is organized around a simple stylized model that emphasizes the quantity theory of money and purchasing power parity as a long-run link between prices and exchange rates.     

固定化解脂耶氏酵母（Yarrowia lipolytica）处理油脂废水的性能研究

以海藻酸钠为固定化载体材料,以氯化钙作为交联剂,将高效降解油脂菌--解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia tipolyt-ica)包埋制备成固定化微生物小球,用以处理油脂废水,考察了最佳处理条件.结果表明,解脂耶氏酵母经固定化包埋后处理色拉油废水的最适条件为:温度25～35℃、pH 4～8、摇床转速100～200 r/min,处理初始油浓度在2 000 mg/L,包埋菌浓度6.65×106个/mL,包埋量为4 mL/150 L.与悬浮状态相比,固定化微生物温度适应范围增大、热适应性增强、pH值往酸性方向偏移.将固定化解脂耶氏酵母投入YPD液体培养基内驯化30 h再处理色拉油废水,结果显示:驯化后的固定化微生物在同样条件下对色拉油的降解率达到82%,比未驯化状态高20%,且驯化后的机械强度、稳定性和重复使用性都有明显改善.     

高氯离子味精尾母液废水厌氧处理研究

味精尾母液废水COD浓度极高同时含有大最氯离子.采用UASB反应器对味精尾母液废水进行处理,其中接种污泥来自啤酒厂UASB反应器.实验表明:当氯离子浓度在4 500 mg/L以下时,对厌氧微生物没有明礁的抑制作用;5 000 mg/L的氯离子浓度可以看作一个抑制限值,但经过驯化后,仍可获得较好的COD去除效果;当氯离子浓度达到8 000mg/L左右时,COD平均去除率在80%以上.     

雷州桉树枝梢弯曲生理病与微肥施用效果研究初报

浅海沉积物和花岗岩发育的砖红壤,连续种枪桉树后,有些桉树品种出现的枝梢弯曲生理病与缺乏微量元素有关,施用微肥能防止枝梢弯曲生理病的发生,或对枝梢弯曲生理病有抑制和矫正作用,从而改善桉树中长状况,提高桉树生长量,使桉树能够持续速生丰产。     

浅析电除尘设备常见故障与排除

本文对电除尘器在使用过程中影响除尘性能的机械、电气和辅助设施等常见故障,分别进行剖析,并提出相应处理办法,以期将已投产使用的电除尘设备,在治理烟（废）气、净化空气、保护环境、回收有价粉尘以充分利用有限的自然资源等方面,发挥更大作用。     

活性污泥1号模型废水特性的测定研究

废水的水质特性是活性污泥数学模型研究和应用的重要方面。采用呼吸计量法及常规化学分析法对污水处理厂的废水特性进行了测定,通过研究发现,污水处理厂的曝气沉砂池出水中SS占总COD的比例平均为10．49％;Xs占总COD的比例平均为14．24％;S1占总COD的比例平均为5．52％。初沉池出水中Ss占总COD的平均比例为9．62％;Xs占总COD的比例平均为16．97％;S1占总COD的比例平均为11．38％。     

炼厂"三泥"的生物处理研究

从大港油田筛选和分离出3株以原油为碳源的石油降解菌,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),用这3株菌混合处理某炼厂的"三泥",在适宜的降解条件下,仅需投加混合菌液,无需添加营养物(N,P),可使含油污泥A的残油量从67g/kg降至7.7g/kg,混合油泥试样AB的残油量从19.7g/kg降至3.1g/kg,平均去除率为84%以上,可以实现含油污泥的较为经济的、有效的处理.经生物处理后含油污泥的恶臭味完全消失.