基于稳态模型的井下抽采主管道泄漏检测方法研究*

为准确检测煤矿井下瓦斯抽采主管道泄漏位置,提出基于稳态模型的管道泄漏检测与定位方法,采用Comsol数值模拟及地面相似实验研究压力梯度法对煤矿井下抽采管道泄漏检测与定位的可行性及准确性。研究结果表明:管道未泄漏时,管内沿线压力呈均匀分布,当管道突发泄漏时,管内压力分布呈现明显弯折现象,弯折处即为管道漏点位置,并对管道阻力计算公式进行修正,提高了检测准确性;随着管道泄漏程度的加大,湍流效应显著增强,漏点处速度、压力产生明显突变,且当其他条件恒定时,随着管道泄漏孔径的扩大,管道的漏入量越大,定位的相对误差越小;在宏岩矿开展地面相似实验,实验结果绝对误差为4.5 m,相对误差为6%;在阳煤五矿井下8421抽采巷进行现场应用,绝对误差134 m,相对误差约7.95%。     

Modeling normativity in sustainability: a comparison of the sustainable development goals,the Paris agreement,and the papal encyclical

The idea of sustainability is intrinsically normative. Thus, understanding the role of normativity in sustainability discourses is crucial for further developing sustainability science. In this article, we analyze three important documents that aim to advance sustainability and explore how they organize norms in relation to sustainability. The three documents are: the Pope’s Encyclical Laudato Si’, the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement. We show that understanding the role of different types of norms in the three documents can help understand normative features of both scientific and non-scientific sustainability discourses. We present the diverse system of norms in a model that interrelates three different levels: macro, meso, and micro. Our model highlights how several processes affect the normative orientation of nations and societies at the meso-level in different ways. For instance, individual ethical norms at the micro-level, such as personal responsibility, may help decelerate unsustainable consumerism at the aggregate meso-level. We also show that techno-scientific norms at the macro-level representing global indicators for sustainability may accelerate innovations. We suggest that our model can help better organize normative features of sustainability discourses and, therefore, to contribute to the further development of sustainability science.     

Specific conductance and ionic characteristics of farm canals in the everglades agricultural area

Specific conductance in farm canals of the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in south Florida is an important water quality parameter that was categorized as a parameter of concern according to an observed frequency of >5% excursions over the Class III water quality criterion and needed to be addressed as a part of the Everglades Regulatory Program. This study was conducted to evaluate specific conductance in farm canals of the EAA. Specific conductance was monitored at 10 representative farms (a total of 12 pump stations) in the EAA using multi-parameter water quality data loggers, for periods ranging from 24 to 83 mo. Cation and anion concentrations were also determined. Nonparametric Mann-Kendall trend analyses and Sen's slope analysis of specific conductance were conducted to determine specific conductance trends. Mean specific conductance ranged from 0.74 to 1.68 dS m(-1) and only 2 of the 10 farms were above the State Class III water quality criterion of 1.275 dS m(-1). Statistically significant downward trends were observed at 3 of the 10 farms. Determination of ion compositions in grab samples at 8 of the 10 farms indicated that the major ions contributing to the increase in specific conductance in the EAA were Cl-, HCO3-, and Na+. Mean Na/Cl ratios in most of the EAA canals ranged from 0.57 to 0.78, whereas those of SO4/Cl ranged from 0.46 to 0.98. Investigation of historical data and literature indicates that elevated specific conductance in parts of the EAA is a natural phenomenon due to entrapment of connate seawater in the Everglades formation. Sulfur contributes minor increases in specific conductance in the EAA with probable sources from organic soil mineralization, ground water, Lake Okeechobee, and S fertilizers.     

基于最小累积阻力模型的三峡库区重庆段生态安全格局构建

三峡库区是长江上游生态环境集敏感、脆弱、复杂为一体的地区,其生态安全格局的构建对维护区域生态安全、实现区域可持续发展具有重要作用.以三峡库区重庆段为研究区,采用2018年土地利用现状数据和遥感数据,构建生态服务重要性与生态敏感性评价体系,综合确定生态源地;以坡度、起伏度、土地利用类型确定阻力值,采用最小累积阻力模型构建生态廊道,最终形成三峡库区重庆段生态安全格局.研究结果表明:三峡库区重庆段生态源地面积13660.80 km2,占研究区总面积的29.61％,主要分布于巫溪、奉节、石柱、开州等区县;生态廊道连接生态源地,共81条,总长度为3069.29 km,廊道呈树状辐射分布,呈现"东北-西南"树状分布的空间格局;生态源地与生态廊道共同形成三峡库区东北生态城镇圈、三峡库区西南都市生态圈以及连接两圈的三峡库区中部走廊的"一廊两圈"生态安全格局.研究结果对保障三峡库区生态安全具有重要意义,可为三峡库区生态环境环境保护提供科学依据.     

桂西南土壤镉地质异常区水稻种植安全性评估

为评估镉地质异常区水稻种植的安全性,在广西西南地区采集自然土壤41件,稻田土壤479件,相应水稻样品432组,测定其Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn含量以及土壤基本理化性质.运用单因子污染指数法（P_i）对样品污染程度进行评价,运用相关性分析探究影响稻米中重金属含量的主要因子.结果表明：①稻田土壤pH为6.8;有机质含量为39.00 g·kg^-1;基于《土壤环境质量标准农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 15618-2018）的风险筛选值,土壤中Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn超标率分别为60.75%、2.09%、0.83%和1.88%;②稻米Cd和Ni超标率分别为9.03%和4.39%,考虑秸秆作为饲料和有机肥原料,其Cd相应超标率分别为6.94%和1.16%.③相关性分析表明,土壤pH、有机质、重金属总量和有效态含量均是影响稻米中重金属含量的主要因子.研究区稻米Cd、Ni均存在一定超标现象,可通过种植低积累水稻品种等措施降低稻米中重金属含量.     

Factors controlling pathogen destruction during anaerobic digestion of biowastes

Anaerobic digestion is the principal method of stabilising biosolids from urban wastewater treatment in the UK, and it also has application for the treatment of other types of biowaste. Increasing awareness of the potential risks to human and animal health from environmental sources of pathogens has focused attention on the efficacy of waste treatment processes at destroying pathogenic microorganisms in biowastes recycled to agricultural land. The degree of disinfection achieved by a particular anaerobic digester is influenced by a variety of interacting operational variables and conditions, which can often deviate from the ideal. Experimental investigations demonstrate that Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are not damaged by mesophilic temperatures, whereas rapid inactivation occurs by thermophilic digestion. A hydraulic, biokinetic and thermodynamic model of pathogen inactivation during anaerobic digestion showed that a 2 log10 reduction in E. coli (the minimum removal required for agricultural use of conventionally treated biosolids) is likely to challenge most conventional mesophilic digesters, unless strict maintenance and management practices are adopted to minimise dead zones and by-pass flow. Efficient mixing and organic matter stabilisation are the main factors controlling the rate of inactivation under mesophilic conditions and not a direct effect of temperature per se on pathogenic organisms.     

区域绿地概念形成脉络与深层发展研究

《城市绿地分类标准》(CJJ/T 85-2017)中区域绿地概念是构建区域生态安全格局的重要"生态源"与"锚固点",目前被视为提升人类福祉的重要环节。总结国内外相关研究进展,本文从宏观、中观、微观三个尺度,梳理国内外具有区域绿地类型特征的生态用地起源与形成脉络。根据我国区域绿地所处的发展阶段,分析今后我国区域绿地的发展方向,从三个方面探讨区域绿地深层发展方向:①依据区域绿地类型划分保护的优先级,建立完善的保护政策;②深化研究区域绿地空间形态与功能的耦合协调机制,促进区域绿地最优效能发挥;③统筹多类型的区域绿地,维系区域一体化可持续发展。     

模拟实验测定江河中有机物的挥发速率

本文模拟生态体系,测定37种有机物的挥发速率常数,得出有机物的挥发符合一级动力学过程;并用改进的双膜理论模型预测挥发速率常数,结果表明预测值和实测值符合较好;同时介绍了几种参数的测定和佔算方法。     

苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ对HepG-2细胞和SGC-7901细胞增殖的影响

以辽宁某地硼矿开采和加工厂的硼作业工人以及远离硼矿的背景地区的人群作为研究对象,分析了班后尿液硼浓度与日硼暴露剂量之间的关系.结果表明,班后尿硼浓度与日硼暴露剂量之间存在着显著的对数线性关系,考虑了不同人群类别的影响之后,回归方程的拟合度达到85.9%,由此确立了用班后尿硼浓度预测日硼暴露剂量的预测方程.用此预测方程对本研究2004年的受试者日硼暴露剂量进行预测,并与实测值进行了比较,结果表明平均相对偏差为13.4%,预测值与实测值之间没有显著性的差异.说明用班后尿硼浓度预测日硼暴露剂量是可行的.对2004年所有受试者的日硼暴露剂量预测结果分析表明,硼职业暴露组、社区对照组和背景对照组的日硼暴露剂量平均值分别为36.1、4.13和1.31mg/d.     

纳米与微米尺度氧化锌体外遗传毒作用特征的比较研究

为揭示纳米氧化锌(ZnO)遗传毒作用特征,以便为纳米材料的安全性评价提供科学依据,利用胞质分裂阻滞微核细胞组学实验和碱性彗星实验比较了纳米和微米尺度ZnO的遗传毒性.结果显示:①微米尺度ZnO在0.02～2.5 μg·mL-1剂量下对微核、核质桥、核芽和核分裂指数(nucleus divided index,NDI)均...