European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes

A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope Integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH₃, NH₄⁺, HNO₃ and NO₃⁻, as well as SO₂, SO₄²⁻, HCl, Cl⁻ and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH₃) and regional (HNO₃, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH₃, largely of agricultural origin, which was the largest single constituent and will dominate dry Nr fluxes at most sites.     

基于遥感数据的PM2.5与城市化的时空关系研究——以成渝城市群为例

采用1998~2013年卫星遥感影像反演的PM2.5全球高精度产品数据集,结合GIS空间分析、地理加权回归（GWR）以及地理探测器等方法,系统地分析了成渝城市群城市化与PM2.5分布之间的关系。结果表明：（1）1998~2013年成渝城市群城市化速度较快,城市区域的PM2.5均值明显高于非城市区域,说明城市化对PM2.5具有一定的影响;（2）近16 a PM2.5重心与城市重心整体上都向东南方向移动,且两者每年在经度上的波动方向基本相反;（3）夜间灯光数据与PM2.5在空间分布上具有较好的一致性,且1998~2013年两者的GWR全局R2在0.86~0.95之间,相关性显著,研究区内城市化和人类活动对PM2.5的分布具有明显影响;（4）地理探测分析表明不同城市化因子对PM2.5影响差异显著,从2006到2013年城区人口密度和建成区绿化覆盖率逐渐成为成渝城市群PM2.5分布的主要影响因子。     

Separation of Organic Materials and Metallic Elements from Marine Waters by the Operation of Gas-Bubble Extraction

A laboratory experimental investigation was conducted to define the action of rising bubbles with respect to heavy-metal enrichment at the sea surface. Analytical data (HMDE-differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry technique) show possible enrichments of organic-bound Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb at the top of a laboratory bubble-extraction column filled with water samples collected in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. In consideration of analogy between natural and laboratory bubble-extraction processes, laboratory results, i.e., enriched-over-original concentration ratios, make it possible to assess the intrinsic heavy-metal flotation capability in marine waters.     

Constructing regional scenarios for sustainable agriculture in European Russia and Ukraine for 2000 to 2070

This study estimates the consequences of climate change on cropland with and without implementation of adaptation measures, paying special attention to the maintenance of soil organic carbon (C) stocks. We examine the possibility for regional sustainable agricultural management practice that combines both maintenance and gain in soil carbon level with profit maximization. Future scenarios of Regional Agricultural Production Systems (RAPS) were constructed for 2000–2070 based on linking the effects of global climate change, predicted change in productivity parameters for the main agricultural crops, land-use and soil database parameters. The RAPS were used to examine profitability and feasibility of alternative agricultural scenarios, based on an economic model. A number of recommendations for decision making were proposed based on an assessment of the efficiency of adaptation in animal husbandry and in the crop production sector, after analysis of current percentage of perennial grass in rotation in comparison with future economic scenarios. Figures in color are available at     

关于长江中游沿江产业带建设的构想

长江中游沿江地区具有特殊的战略地位，其产业带建设又面临上海浦东开发和三峡工程建设两大契机。必须扩大对外开放，建设开放型产业带；加快改革步伐，建立社会主义市场经济体系；以资源优化配置，促进长江产业带整体效益的提高；必须协调资源、环境与产业带建设的关系，加强基础产业，调整加工制造业，合理布局生产，实现持续发展。     

Emission Inventories of Carbon-containing Greenhouse Gases in China and Technological Measures for Their Abatement

The report summarizes surveys on carbon inventories and initiatives on sustainable carbon cycling taken by the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, where the authors work/worked. The first part of the report, which appeared in the preceding issue of this journal, deals with the concept of sustainable carbon cycling, the historic evolution of carbon cycling processes in China, carbon pool enhancement, value addition, carbon sequestration and carbon balance. This very paper, as the second part of the report, covers the results of carbon dynamics modeling, emission inventories of various carbon-containing greenhouse gases and their potential abatement measures.