Roles of survival and dispersal in reintroduction success of Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus).

The success of reintroduction programs greatly depends on the amount of mortality and dispersal of the released individuals. Although local environmental pressures are likely to play an important role in these processes, they have rarely been investigated because of the lack of spatial replicates of reintroduction. In the present study, we analyzed a 25-year data set encompassing 272 individuals released in five reintroduction programs of Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) in France to examine the respective roles of survival and dispersal in program successes and failures. We use recent developments in multi-strata capture-recapture models to take into account tag loss in survival estimates and to consider and estimate dispersal among release areas. We also examined the effects of sex, age, time, area, and release status on survival, and we tested whether dispersal patterns among release areas were consistent with habitat selection theories. Results indicated that the survival of released adults was reduced during the first year after release, with no difference between sexes. Taking into account local observations only, we found that early survival rates varied across sites. However when we distinguished dispersal from mortality, early survival rates became equal across release sites. It thus appears that among reintroduction programs difference in failure and success was due to differential dispersal among release sites. We revealed asymmetrical patterns of dispersal due to conspecific attraction: dispersers selected the closest and the largest population. We showed that mortality can be homogeneous from one program to another while, on the contrary, dispersal is highly dependent on the matrix of established populations. Dispersal behavior is thus of major interest for metapopulation restoration and should be taken into account in planning reintroduction designs.     

吸附-厌氧序批式反应器对有机物的去除

用全脂奶粉配制废水,研究了吸附-厌氧序批式反应器(AB-ASBR)对有机物的去除效果和特性,并与普通厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)进行了比较.结果表明,AB-ASBR 能显著提高出水水质,当原水COD 为2000mg/L 时,其出水COD 在100mg/L 以下,COD 总去除率可达95%~96%.A 段进水后30min 内对COD 的去除率可达90%,以厌氧颗粒污泥对非溶解性COD 的初期快速吸附作用为主.B 段的半饱和常数(Ks)仅为5.4mg/L,厌氧颗粒污泥对COD 具有很好的亲和性,使B 段出水COD 低于普通厌氧序批式反应器.     

Industrial transformation and shrimp aquaculture in Thailand and Vietnam: pathways to ecological,social, and economic sustainability?

Shrimp aquaculture in Vietnam is in the process of being transformed into a major industry around the intensification of the production system. The experiences of other countries in the region, especially in Thailand where high input production systems dominate, suggests that now is a critical time for intervention to redirect industry into pathways that are more sustainable ecologically, socially, and economically. In Thailand, years of experience with intensified systems and a complex industrial organization has not led to sustainable solutions. The challenge here is for society to regain control and then to redirect the transformation along more efficient and benign pathways. Our analyses suggest that current pathways in both countries are unlikely to lead to a sustainable industry. A complete transformation of the way shrimp are grown, fed, processed, distributed, and regulated is needed.     

Life history consequences of variation in age at primiparity in northern elephant seals

Summary The age when female northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, bear their first young varies from 2 to 6 years. At Año Nuevo, California, a group of 77 females, primiparous at age 3, had a lower survivorship rate to each successive year up to age 8 than a group of 98 females that deferred initial pupping until age 4. The difference in survivorship appears to be due to the greater relative energetic costs of gestation and lactation incurred by the earlier breeding females during a period in their development when growth is rapid. An alternate hypothesis for the difference in survivorship — that young primiparous females are in poor condition from birth-is untenable; females that pupped early in life were larger at weaning age (a correlate of condition) than females that were primiparous 1 year later.Models based on the data show that differential survival of seals that vary in age at primiparity has important consequences for population growth and life history strategies. The effect of age at primiparity on the rate of increase of populations varies with colony density and juvenile survivorship. The optimal life history strategy for female elephant seals under most conditions existing today, including those at Ano Nuevo during the study period, is to bear the first offspring at age 4. Primiparity at age 3 is projected to be favored when harem density is very low and weaning success and juvenile survivorship are high; postponement of first breeding to age 5 is expected at high harem densities with intense competition for breeding space. Offprint requests to: B.J. Le Boeuf     

Utrastructural study of oogenesis and oocytic degeneration in Pecten maximus from the Bay of St. Brieuc

An ultrastructural study of oocytic development enabled the identification of changes occurring during oogenesis in Pecten maximus collected from the Bay of St. Brieuc, France, in 1987. Auxiliary cells, closely associated with developing oocytes were observed. Each oocyte seems to be associated with only one secretory cell, which is characterised by an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum at the onset of vitellogenesis. Contact between this cell and a developing oocyte is maintained by a desmosome-like junction which can be observed when the vitelline coat is formed. These auxiliary cells seem to play a trophic role in vitellogenesis, and may be involved in the formation of the vitelline coat of the oocytes. Oocytic degeneration is discussed in detail; in this species, it is a continuous phenomenon of varying intensity throughout the year. The ultrastructural changes resulting in lysis of the oocyte are described, and the evolution of atretic oocytes is examined.     

徐州市农村地表水环境现状及污染防治

通过对徐州市农村地表水环境现状的调查,简要分析了徐州市农村地表水环境的污染状况、污染成因,并提出现阶段农村水污染的治理建议和发展方向.     

苯胺装置火灾爆炸事故的多米诺效应分析

针对一次苯胺装置重大火灾爆炸事故发生经过,分析了其多米诺效应发生的机理,找出了事故扩大的升级因素,计算了相应的多米诺效应破坏概率,并提出了预防事故多米诺效应的安全对策和相应的措施.     

空气中臭氧变化特征分析

利用空气自动监测子站中O3自动监测分析仪,对2007年2月－2008年2月鞍山深沟寺地区进行24小时连续监测,利用连续监测的数据,研究了空气中臭氧全年总体分布、季节变化、日变化规律。结果表明,本地区φ（O3）全年平均值为0．068mg／m^3,φ（O3）月均值在春末夏初季节出现达到最大值,在11月一次年1月出现低值,说明鞍山地区夏季臭氧光化学反应比较强烈。φ（O3）浓度随季节变化明显,春末夏初随日照时间加长而增高,最大月均值和最大日均值均出现在此时期,冬季随日照时间的减短而降低。     

Overstorey tree density and understorey regrowth effects on plant composition,stand structure and floristic richness in grazed temperate woodlands in eastern Australia

As natural woodlands decline in both extent and quality worldwide, there is an increasing recognition of the biodiversity conservation value of production landscapes. In low-input, low-productivity grazing systems in Australia, the modification of natural woodlands through overstorey tree and woody regrowth removal are vegetation management options used by landholders to increase native grass production for livestock grazing; however, there is little empirical evidence to indicate at what tree densities biodiversity attributes are compromised. We examined the effects of overstorey tree density and understorey regowth on the floristic composition, stand structure and species richness of eucalypt woodlands in a grazing landscape in the Traprock region of southern Queensland, Australia. We sampled 47 sites stratified according to vegetation type (Eucalyptus crebra/Eucalyptus dealbata woodland; Eucalyptus melliodora/Eucalyptus microcarpa grassy woodland), density of mature trees (<6 trees/ha; 6–20 trees/ha; >20 trees/ha), and presence/absence of regrowth. Distinct patterns in composition were detected using indicator species analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling, with low density areas compositionally indistinguishable, although distinct from other land management units. Within vegetation type, medium tree density woodlands were compositionally similar to high density and reference woodlands. Species richness ranged from 18 to 67 species per 500 m² across all sites. No differences in total or native species richness were detected across management units; however, some differences in exotic species richness were detected. Differences in grass cover existed between low and high density management units, yet no difference in grass cover was evident between low and medium density management units. Our results suggest that medium tree densities may provide biodiversity benefits concordant with more natural areas, yet not adversely impact on pasture production. Retaining trees in grazing landscapes provides significant landscape heterogeneity and important refuges for species that may be largely excluded from open grassland habitats. Maintaining a medium density of overstorey trees in grazed paddocks can provide both production and biodiversity benefits.