Objectives: Truck vehicles (TVs) have a different structure and stiffness than non-TVs and are used commercially for transporting goods. This study aimed to analyze whether truck occupants have a greater risk of serious injury than those of other types of vehicles.
Methods: Crash data were obtained from the Korean In-Depth Data Analysis Study (KIDAS) for calendar years 2011–2016. Vehicles involved in frontal crash were included and classified into TVs and non-TVs (passenger cars and sports utility vehicles). We compared the demographic characteristics and serious injuries by body region between the 2 groups and analyzed factors that contributed to the serious injury severity from frontal crashes.
Results: The analysis was based on 884 occupants; 177 (20.0%) were in TVs and 707 (80.0%) were in non-TVs. Non-TVs had more frontal airbags deployments than TVs (50.9% vs. 3.4%, P <.01). TV occupants were 4.8 times more likely to have a serious lower extremity (LE) injury (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.820; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.407–9.653) and 2.5 times to have a serious abdominal injury (AOR = 2.465; 95% CI, 1.108–5.487) compared to non-TV occupants.
Conclusions: Truck occupants had more serious LE and abdominal injuries than those of other types of vehicles in frontal crashes. Structural improvement and legislative efforts to develop safety systems are necessary to improve the safety of truck occupants. 相似文献
Nanomaterials are applicable in the areas of reduction of environmental burden, reduction/treatment of industrial and agricultural
wastes, and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control. First, environmental burden reduction involves green process and engineering,
emissions control, desulfurization/denitrification of nonrenewable energy sources, and improvement of agriculture and food
systems. Second, reduction/treatment of industrial and agricultural wastes involves converting wastes into products, groundwater
remediation, adsorption, delaying photocatalysis, and nanomembranes. Third, NPS pollution control involves controlling water
pollution. Nanomaterials alter physical properties on a nanoscale due to their high specific surface area to volume ratio.
They are used as catalysts, adsorbents, membranes, and additives to increase activity and capability due to their high specific
surface areas and nano-sized effects. Thus, nanomaterials are more effective at treating environmental wastes because they
reduce the amount of material needed. 相似文献
Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary effluent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater effluent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design. 相似文献
Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models. 相似文献
Most probable number (MPN) and colony-forming unit (CFU) estimates of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentration are common
measures of water quality in aquatic environments. Thus, FIB intensively monitored in Yeongsan Watershed in an attempt to compare
two di erent methods and to develop a statistical model to convert from CFU to MPN estimates or vice versa. As a result, the significant
di erence was found in the MPN and CFU estimates. The enumerated Escherichia coli concentrations in MPN are greater than those in
CFU, except for the measurement in winter. Especially in fall, E. coli concentrations in MPN are one order of magnitude greater than
that in CFU. Contrarily, enterococci bacteria in MPN are lower than those in CFU. However, in general, a strongly positive relationship
are found between MPN and CFU estimates. Therefore, the statistical models were developed, and showed the reasonable converting
FIB concentrations from CFU estimates to MPN estimates. We expect this study will provide preliminary information towards future
research on whether di erent analysis methods may result in di erent water quality standard violation frequencies for the same water
sample. 相似文献
The aim of this article was to study the effects of land use change and water reuse options on an urban water cycle. A water cycle
analysis was performed on the Goonja drainage basin, located in metropolitan Seoul, using the Aquacycle model. The chronological
e ects of urbanization were first assessed for the land uses of the Goonja drainage basin from 1975 to 2005, where the ratio of
impervious areas ranged from 43% to 84%. Progressive urbanization was identified as leading to a decrease in evapotranspiration
(29%), an increase in surface runo (41%) and a decrease in groundwater recharge (74%), indicating a serious distortion of the water
cycle. From a subsequent analysis of the water reuse options, such as rainwater use and wastewater reuse, it is concluded that wastewater
reuse seemed to have an advantage over rainwater use for providing a consistent water supply throughout the year for a country like
Korea, where the rainy season is concentrated during the summer monsoon. 相似文献
Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and
function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary e uent of livestock wastewater
treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil
layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery
wastewater e uent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types
at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of
the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term
maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW
system and design. 相似文献
A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope Integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH3, NH4+, HNO3 and NO3−, as well as SO2, SO42−, HCl, Cl− and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH3) and regional (HNO3, NO3−, and NH4+) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH3, largely of agricultural origin, which was the largest single constituent and will dominate dry Nr fluxes at most sites. 相似文献
The phorid fly, Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier, is an introduced parasitoid of imported fire ants, Solenopsis spp., in the USA. Although the assumption that phorid flies use fire ant alarm pheromones for host location is probably true,
we demonstrated in a previous study the possible involvement of other ant semiochemicals in the response of P. tricuspis to fire ants. This study was conducted to determine the glandular sources and identity of the semiochemicals mediating this
interaction. First, we tested the electroantennogram response of P. tricuspis to extracts of key body parts and glands of workers of the red imported fire ant, S. invicta Buren. The results confirm that the poison (venom) gland/sac is the key source of compounds which elicited strong antennal
activity in P. tricuspis. Follow-up studies were conducted by using a combination of bioassay-guided fractionation and behavioral bioassays to test
the hypothesis that attraction of this parasitoid to fire ants is mediated by venom alkaloids. The results confirm the response
of P. tricuspis to physiologically relevant amounts of the two venom alkaloid fractions (cis and trans alkaloid fractions) of S. invicta. Further analysis by coupled gas chromatography–electroantennogram detection revealed nine venom alkaloid components including
two novel 2,6-dialkylpiperideines that elicited significant antennal activity in P. tricuspis. This is the first demonstration of the role of venom alkaloids of ants as attractants for their natural enemies. We propose
a semiochemical-mediated host location mechanism for P. tricuspis involving both alarm pheromones and venom alkaloids. The ecological significance of these findings, including the attraction
of male P. tricuspis to fire ant venom alkaloids, possibly for mate location, is discussed. 相似文献