有机垃圾组分种群增长及修正一级产气动力学研究

以米饭、鸡蛋清、生菜、肥肉馅为原料,分别代表淀粉、蛋白质、纤维素、脂肪进行厌氧消化产沼气实验,并用种群增长模型和修正一级产气模型进行拟合.结果表明:脂肪的厌氧消化过程用修正Gompertz方程拟合效果较好,其余物料用Logistic方程拟合效果较好;脂肪的延滞期最长,为13 d,其次是蛋白质、纤维素,其值分别为8.72 d、6.24 d,淀粉的延滞期接近零.同时,建立了修正一级产气模型,并在延滞期之后用其模拟4种有机物厌氧消化产气过程,发现淀粉水解过程更趋向于遵循圆柱形颗粒模型,蛋白质、纤维素和脂肪水解过程更趋向于片状颗粒模型,淀粉和蛋白质的水解产气速度较快,脂肪稍慢,纤维素最慢;在延滞期内蛋白质和纤维素累积沼气产率都遵循零级水解动力学,脂肪的累积沼气产率遵循三次函数模型.在综合分析的基础上,得到了整个实验周期的产气动力学模型.     

Microbial biodegradation of microcystin-RR by bacterium Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05

A strain,USTB-05,isolated from Lake Dianchi,China,degraded the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-RR(MC-RR) at the rate of 16.7 mg/L per day.Analysis of 16S rDNA sequence showed that the strain was Sphingopyxis sp.Enzymatic degradation pathways for MC-RR by Sphingopyxis sp.USTB-05 were identified.Adda-Arg peptide bond of MC-RR was cleaved and then a hydrogen and a hydroxyl were combined onto the NH 2 group of Adda and the carboxyl group of arginine to form a linear molecule as intermediate product within the ...     

Assessing Landowner Activities Related to Birds Across Rural-to-Urban Landscapes

Fluctuations of bird abundances in the Midwest region of the United States have been attributed to such factors as landscape change, habitat fragmentation, depredation, and supplemental feeding. However, no attempt has been made to estimate the collective role of landowner activities that may influence birds across a landscape. To investigate how landowners might influence birds when the majority (> 90%) of land is privately owned, we surveyed all 1694 private domestic landowners living on three breeding bird survey routes (120 km) that represent a continuum of rural-to-urban landscapes in Southeastern Michigan from October through December 2000. Our survey was designed to investigate (1) the proportion of landowners involved in bird feeding, providing bird houses, planting or maintaining vegetation for birds, gardening, landscaping, applying fertilizer, and applying pesticides or herbicides; (2) whether differences existed between urban, suburban, and rural landowner activities; and (3) whether landowners that carried out a given activity were sociodemographically different from those who did not. Of the 968 respondents (58.5% response rate), 912 (94%) carried out at least one of the activities on their land and the average landowner carried out 3.7 activities. A total of 65.6% fed birds, 45.7% provided bird houses, 54.6% planted or maintained vegetation for birds, 72.7% gardened, 72.3% landscaped, 49.3% applied fertilizer, and 25.2% applied pesticides or herbicides. Significant differences existed between the landscapes, with rural landowners having more bird houses and applying pesticides or herbicides in greater frequency. Similarly, urban landowners had a greater density of bird feeders and houses, but planted or maintained vegetation in the lowest frequency. Participation in activities varied by demographic factors, such as age, gender, and occupation. Scaling each activity to all landowners, including nonrespondents, across all landscapes indicates that between 14% and 82% of landowners may be engaged in a particular activity, with application of pesticides or herbicides having the least potential involvement (13.9%–55.4%) and gardening having the greatest potential involvement (40.1%–81.6%). Taken collectively, our results indicate that landowners are both intentionally and unintentionally engaged in a wide range of activities that are likely to influence bird populations.     

Nutrient-impregnated charcoal: an environmentally friendly slow-release fertilizer

The widespread contamination of surface and ground water quality from the heavy use of fertilizer in modern agriculture is the current concern. Therefore, this study was carried out to develop a slow-release fertilizer using charcoal. The morphology of the charcoal impregnated fertilizer was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study also evaluated the release patterns of N, P, and K from impregnated charcoal using a simulated soil solution and distilled water as leaching solutions. The patterns of N, P, and K releases were examined in both static and continuous-flow conditions for 360 h. Releases of N, P, and K from impregnated charcoal were found to be slow and steady. However, the release trends of N, P, and K were higher in soil solution than distilled water under both the above conditions. Dissolution occurred when N, P, and K were released in the above leached solutions. As a result, the fertilizer impregnated charcoal could be developed as slow-release type fertilizer to minimize the contamination.     

石油降解固态菌剂的研制

用喷雾干燥和表面吸附固定化两种工艺对石油降解菌剂进行固态菌研制。结果表明:在对菌浓度为9.7×109 cfu/mL的500mL发酵液添加40g轻质碳酸钠后进行喷雾干燥,在进风温度为120℃,进样量为12mL/min的条件下,得到粉剂产品56g,含水量为4.6%,菌密度为10.05×109 cfu/g,产品得率为11.6%;在对菌浓度为9.7×109 cfu/mL的500mL发酵液添加1 500g麸皮进行吸附固定化处理,得到粉剂产品1 438.6g,水分含量为7.9%,菌密度为5.7×108 cfu/g,产品得率为16.9%。考虑到喷雾工艺设备投资大,能耗多等不利因素,因此建议使用吸附固定化技术作为石油降解固态菌剂的下游处理技术。     

《大气污染防治行动计划》实施环境效果模拟

本研究利用2010年污染源普查数据和MEIC排放清单建立全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单,在此基础上利用2012年环境统计数据对其进行修订建立2012年全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单;结合《大气污染防治行动计划》(以下简称《计划》)研究工作,测算了《计划》实施后在污染源综合治理、落后产能淘汰、能源结构调整方面对SO2、NOx、颗粒物、VOCs的减排量,同时对污染物新增量进行了预测,建立了《计划》实施后全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单;利用CMAQ空气质量模型模拟分析了《计划》实施的空气质量改善效果。结果表明:《计划》实施后,将可以减少641万吨SO2、859万吨NOx、547万吨颗粒物(不含扬尘污染控制)、627万吨VOCs,全国、京津冀、长三角及珠三角区域PM2.5年均浓度将分别比2012年下降22.08%、33.99%、23.98%、24.04%。如果《计划》要求全部落实,可以实现空气质量改善目标。     

硅藻土/活性炭对石油降解菌群的固定化研究

研究了一种石油降解菌群的固定化方法,其中菌群包括假单胞菌、芽孢杆菌和微球菌。以硅藻土/活性炭作为降解菌群的固定化载体,对最佳固定化条件进行研究,结果表明:降解菌群的最佳固定化时间16h,温度37℃,硅藻土/活性炭加入量0.1g/mL,pH值7.5,120r/min振荡16h,降解菌群固定化率达97.1%。固定化菌群用于油基钻屑中油降解,降解14d,可使钻屑中TPH含量由30 000mg/kg降至10 450mg/kg,平均油去除率达65%。     

国内石油企业实施低碳经济发展的模式探讨

"两型"社会的建设为低碳经济的发展、实施提出了明确的方向,也为企业的可持续发展指明了道路。文章在分析借鉴国际大石油公司低碳发展实践经验的基础上,对我国低碳经济发展现状、石油企业面对低碳发展环境的机遇和挑战进行了系统分析,并对我国石油企业低碳发展的总体思路、模式设计提出了建议。     

临街建筑群中交通噪声的计算机模拟

给出了临街建筑群中纵深方向的交通噪声计算机模拟预测方法。交通干道上车流采用泊松分布和等车距车流相结合模型，考虑多种车型的不同声功率级。每辆车作为一个点声源，以几何声学方法考虑直达声和有限次反射声对测点的影响。在计算程序中只要输入车流量，车流成份，建筑群中有关巷道宽度，测点在巷子纵深方向距离及背景噪声等数据，计算机便能输出Ｌ１０，Ｌ５０，Ｌ９８，Ｌｅｑ等声级值。模拟结果和实测值基本一致。     

生物法合成纳米铁的研究进展

纳米铁颗粒的制备技术发展迅速,方法多种多样。生物法因其具有原料来源广,反应条件温和,产物纳米级颗粒不易团聚,以及有毒副产物少等特点,成为学者们争相研究的对象。对近几年国内外采用微生物、植物提取物等合成纳米铁材料的方法及机理进行了阐述,综述了纳米铁在环保领域的应用,并对今后深入研究生物法合成纳米铁的前景进行了展望。