优势硅藻和定鞭金藻不同生长阶段光合色素比值变化

基于高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术分析了8种定鞭金藻、2种硅藻在对数生长期的光合色素组成,比较了中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、路氏巴夫藻(Pavlova lutheri)和湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)在不同生长阶段主要光合色素组成和比值的变化。实验结果表明:8种定鞭金藻根据光合色素19’-已酰基氧化岩藻黄素的存在与否可分为两类,其中不含19’-已酰基氧化岩藻黄素的定鞭金藻与硅藻光合色素组成相似。通过对比不同生长阶段的样品发现稳定期硅藻(中肋骨条藻)中叶绿素c1+c2,岩藻黄素、硅甲藻黄素与总叶绿素a比值显著高于它们在定鞭金藻(路氏巴夫藻、湛江叉鞭金藻)中与叶绿素a的比值(P<0.05),并且随培养时间延长而增大,而路氏巴夫藻、湛江叉鞭金藻中叶绿素c1+c2,岩藻黄素、硅甲藻黄素与总叶绿素a比值则一直维持在较低水平。该结果可以作为基于CHEMTAX软件的化学分类法的依据,以提高定量分析硅藻和定鞭金藻的准确性。     

A framework for analyzing climate change adaptations as actions

Developing generalized theories about adaptation to climate change requires common concepts to map different adaptation situations. The paper aims to contribute to this endeavor by presenting a novel framework that conceptualizes adaptations to climate change as actions. The framework is intended to systematically analyze the actor relations involved in adaptations and the barriers to their implementation. By combining established scientific action theories with terminology from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in an innovative way, it can be used to clarify the notion of adaptation used in adaptation assessments. The framework’s potential is illustrated by a case study on cooling water management in the river Rhine catchment and by the elucidation of some prominent concepts in adaptation research. We show that by framing adaptations as actions, the purpose of adaptations and how they tend to connect up in means-ends-chains becomes crucial. Actors can take different functional roles as exposure unit, operator and receptor of adaptation. A mismatch of these roles can lead to barriers to adaptation, of which we deduce four types: complex actor relations, missing operators, missing means and unemployed means. The case study yields a complex bundle of adaptations, and shows that the potential barriers involved are quite diverse. There is thus no blueprint solution. Although we identify entry points for adaptation, the analysis leads to a skeptical conclusion for adapting cooling water management in the whole Rhine catchment.     

Coastal flooding,climate change and environmental justice: identifying obstacles and incentives for adaptation in two metropolitan Boston Massachusetts communities

We explored the possible future impacts of increased coastal flooding due to sea level rise and the potential adaptation responses of two urban, environmental justice communities in the metropolitan Boston area of Massachusetts. East Boston is predominantly a residential area with some industrial and commercial activities, particularly along the coastal fringe. Everett, a city to the north of Boston, has a diversified industrial and commercial base. While these two communities have similar socioeconomic characteristics, they differ substantially in the extent to which residents would be impacted by increased coastal flooding. In East Boston, a large portion of residents would be flooded, while in Everett, it is the commercial/industrial districts that are primarily vulnerable. Through a series of workshops with residents in each community, we found that the target populations do not have an adaptation perspective or knowledge of any resources that could assist them in this challenge. Furthermore, they do not feel included in the planning processes within their communities. However, a common incentive for both communities was an intense commitment to their communities and an eagerness to learn more and become actively engaged in decisions regarding climate change adaptation. The lessons that can be applied to other studies include 1) images are powerful tools in communicating concepts, 2) understanding existing cultural knowledge and values in adaptation planning is essential to the planning process and 3) engaging local residents at the beginning of the process can create important educational opportunities and develop trust and consensus that is necessary for moving from concept to implementation.     

Capability development of local communities for project sustainability in afforestation/reforestation clean development mechanism

It has been recognized that the involvement of local community is essential to ensure the sustainability of A/R CDM (afforestation/reforestation clean development mechanism) project. This study verifies if the risks of non-permanence and leakage are addressed in a registered small scale A/R CDM project in Vietnam. Workshops, interviews, and a questionnaire survey of local villagers revealed that the project has caused a shortage of land for conventional activities such as grazing, fuel wood collection and shifting cultivation, and consequently posed the risks of project non-permanence and leakage. It is suggested that participation of all stakeholders in the community to the A/R CDM project beyond existing land tenure and adequate carbon benefit sharing according to the level of contribution to the project are required to reduce the risk of non permanence. To ensure the participation, the community should have capability such as consensus building and collective action. Leakage would be minimized if the community has alternative measures to the conventional activities before starting the project. We argue that it is necessary to first develop a community’s capabilities in the readiness phase of any A/R CDM project in order to reduce the risks for the project sustainability, and that new sources of funding are needed for this purpose.     

Building regional priorities in forests for development and adaptation to climate change in the Congo Basin

Indentifying common priorities in shared natural resource systems constitutes an important platform for implementing adaptation and a major step in sharing a common responsibility in addressing climate change. Predominated by discourses on REDD + (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries) with little emphasis on adaptation there is a risk of lack of policy measures in addressing climate change in the Congo Basin. Forest products and ecosystem services provide security portfolios for the predominantly rural communities, and play major roles in national development programmes in both revenue and employment opportunities. Thus, raising the profile of forests in the policy arena especially in the twin roles of addressing climate change in mitigation and adaptation and achieving resilient development is crucial. Within the framework of the Congo Basin Forests and Climate Change Adaptation project (COFCCA) project, science policy dialogue was conducted to identify and prioritize forest based sectors vulnerable to climate change but important to household livelihoods and national development. The goal of the prioritization process was for the development of intervention in forest as measures for climate change adaptation in Central Africa. Participants constituted a wide range of stakeholders (government, Non Governmental Organizations, research institutions, universities, community leaders, private sectors etc.) as representatives from three countries directly involved in the project: Cameroon, Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo. Building on national priorities, four forest related sectors were identified as common priorities at the regional level for focus on climate change adaptation. These sectors included: (1) energy with emphasis on fuel wood and Charcoal; (2) Water principally quality, quantity, accessibility, etc.; (3) Food with emphasis on Non Timber Forest Products, and (4) Health linked to healthcare products (medicinal plants). Using these prioritized sectors, the project focused on addressing the impacts of climate change on local communities and the development of adaptation strategies in the three pilot countries of the Congo Basin region. The four sectors constitute the key for development in the region and equally considered as priority sectors in the poverty reduction papers. Focused research on these sectors can help to inject the role of forests in national and local development and their potentials contributions to climate change adaptation in national and public discourses. Mainstreaming forest for climate change adaptation into national development planning is the key to improve policy coherence and effectiveness in forest management in the region.     

PM2．5污染危害分析及防控措施研究

本文论述了PM2.5对环境的危害,在剖析PM2.5组成与来源的基础上,提出防控PM2.5的政策与技术方面的建议,以期为今后PM2.5的防控工作提供理论基础。     

基于虚拟技术的环境监测仪器设备管理方法

利用虚拟现实、虚拟环境技术,通过人机交互方式,在现实空间之外创造另一个尽可能真实的、互动的模拟世界,使应用者可以直观、随意地观察和管理仪器设备,实现检测仪器全生命周期的运行轨迹记录和过程跟踪,凭其强大的可视性、溯源性和易操作性,较明显地提高仪器设备的利用率与管理水平。     

LNAPL在砂质含水层中动态迁移的电阻率法监测试验研究

在海滨潮间带采集细砂,通过室内柴油泄漏模拟试验,利用自制电阻率监测系统对轻非水相液体在砂土-地下水系统垂向渗透过程进行电阻率变化动态监测;通过配制不同含油率砂土测定其静态电阻率变化规律,探讨电阻率变化的影响因素;最后取样分析测定污染含水介质稳定后含水率及含油率,对监测结果有效性进行了验证;并利用显微成像法对污染砂土进行了微观形态分析.结果表明,柴油污染砂土微观形态上胶结现象明显;柴油渗透海滨砂土过程电阻率大小同含水饱和度,比电阻率和含油饱和度之间存在良好的相关性,均可用Archie公式拟合,n值分别为2.36和0.15;通过电阻率测定可以有效估算柴油透镜体厚度;电阻率随深度的变化可以反映含油率和含水率的垂向分布.本研究为轻质油品储罐或者海上油品输运过程泄露造成的海滨砂土地下污染扩散过程监测及机制研究提供了一种有效的方法,也可为其他典型石油泄漏污染场地的电阻率法探测或监测提供参考.     

高效木薯渣分解复合菌群RXS的构建及其发酵特性研究

从富含腐烂纤维质的环境中取样,通过以木薯渣及滤纸为碳源的蛋白胨纤维素培养基不断地富集培养,构建了一组高效稳定的纤维质分解复合菌群.考察了该复合菌群对不同纤维质底物的分解性能及其在木薯渣水解过程中主要参数的变化.研究发现该复合菌群对滤纸、脱脂棉、微晶纤维素、麦秸秆和木薯渣等原料均能够进行有效的降解.在该复合菌群应用于木薯渣的水解过程中,监测发现纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、果胶酶等关键酶的酶活力分别在第2～3 d达到最大值34.4、90.5和15.8U;经过10 d的发酵后,木薯渣中的纤维素、半纤维素及木质素分别降解了79.8%、85.9%和19.4%,且木薯渣的失重高达61.5%;此外,代谢产物主要是乙酸、丁酸、己酸和甘油;而溶解性COD、总糖和总挥发酸的变化表明第2 d时木薯渣的水解率最高.上述结果表明,该复合菌群能够有效地水解木薯燃料酒精生产过程中的废弃物木薯渣,并有望用于木薯渣高效沼气发酵的前处理中.     

采用体积信息熵表征颗粒污泥系统稳定性及其稳定机制

SBR反应器中培养自养硝化颗粒污泥,在絮体转化为颗粒过程中,颗粒的体积信息熵从2.05(27 d,初见颗粒)降低为1.85(95 d),熵值降低的主要动力来自于松散的絮体在较快沉速选择压条件下被淘洗出系统.当絮体被淘洗出系统即完成颗粒化过程,在129 d时测得系统中颗粒沉速分布的中位数为6.27 m.h-1,因此颗粒体积熵值的变化不再受沉速选择压(6m.h-1)的控制.颗粒的粒径、沉速及体积熵值分布均呈现周期性变化,其中信息熵的均值为2.16,最小值为1.79,最大值为2.63.在这种周期性变化过程中,系统总是表现为粒径均值先增大后减小.熵值的波动的驱动力来自于颗粒的破碎与破碎体的成长,体积分布信息熵的大小可以很好地表征系统的稳定性及其稳定机制.