基于河岸带地球化学特征的河水-地下水交互边界识别——以广州市流溪河为例

河水-地下水交互作用对河流水质净化、流域水生态健康和河岸土地合理规划具有重要意义.本文以广州市流溪河为研究对象,实时监测河水和河岸带地下水基本理化指标并采集水样和土样进行水体主离子、氮形态、金属离子浓度、氘(δD)氧(δ~(18)O)同位素和土壤渗透系数(K)测试分析.结果表明:监测期间以河水侧向补给地下水为主,对地下水水位的影响范围在距河岸10 m内;距河岸1 m处地下水溶解氧(DO)浓度、电导率(EC)和氧化还原电位(ORP)变化明显,变异系数(n=7)分别为30.9%、42.0%和44.4%.河水和河岸带地下水水化学类型均为HCO_3-Ca型,受碳酸盐岩风化控制.河水入渗补给地下水初期,河岸带含水层向还原环境转化(ORP平均下降92.25 mV),非饱和带Mn氧化物发生还原性溶解,地下水中Mn~(2+)浓度逐渐增加并达最大值(0.52 mg·L~(-1));基于δD、δ~(18)O和Cl~-浓度的混合模型估算的河水对距河岸5 m处地下水的贡献率分别为10.4%、11.6%和11.5%,表明监测断面河水-地下水交互边界约在距河岸5 m处.     

长江上游典型农业源溪流溶存氧化亚氮(N2O)浓度特征及影响因素

随着农业非点源氮（N）污染的加剧,农田周边溪流成为重要的活性N汇和潜在的氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放源.为查明长江上游农业源溪流中溶存N₂O浓度的全年动态变化特征,于2014年12月~2015年10月开展紫色土丘陵区典型农田源头溪流N₂O浓度的连续采样观测,采用水-气顶空平衡-气相色谱法测定顶空气体中N₂O浓度,根据相关参数计算出本研究水体中的溶存N₂O浓度,并同步测定溪流水体物理化学指标,分析水中溶存N₂O浓度的主要影响因素.结果表明,长江上游紫色土丘陵区的典型农业源溪流的硝态氮（NO₃^--N）是最主要的活性N赋存形态（年均1.45 mg·L^-1）,溪流水体溶存N₂O质量浓度（以N计）全年平均为0.57 μg·L^-1（范围0.26~1.28 μg·L^-1）,冬、春、夏和秋季的均值分别为0.63、0.45、0.53和0.64 μg·L^-1,但季节间无显著差异.溪流水体溶存N₂O浓度全年都处于过度饱和状态（饱和度年平均为203.9%,范围109.7%~546.5%）,可见,农业源溪流全年均为潜在的N₂O释放源.溪流溶存N₂O浓度的变化主要由水体NO₃^--N浓度决定,N₂O的主要产生机制为反硝化作用;溪流季节平均N₂O饱和度在夏、秋季显著高于冬、春季,水中溶存N₂O饱和度的变化主要受水温和NO₃^--N浓度的共同影响.研究还发现农业源溪流中溶存N₂O浓度在4~10月（湿润季节）间波动明显,较强降雨可促使其水中NO₃^--N浓度在雨后短期内升高,进而促进水体反硝化作用,导致雨后溪流中溶存N₂O浓度的增加.     

Temporal variability of visibility and its parameterizations in Ningbo, China

Simultaneous and continuous measurements of visibility, meteorological parameters and air pollutants were carried out at a suburban site in Ningbo from June 1, 2013 to May 31,2015. The characteristics of visibility and their relationships with air pollutants and meteorological factors were investigated using multiple statistical methods. Daily visibility ranged from 0.6 to 34.1 km, with a mean value of 11.8 km. During the 2-year experiment,43.4% of daily visibility was found to be less than 10.0 km and only 9.2% was greater than 20.0 km. Visibility was lower in winter with a frequency of 53.4% in the range of 0.0–5.0 km.Annual visibility had an obvious diurnal variation, with the lowest and highest visibility being 7.5 km at approximately 06:00 local time and 15.6 km at approximately 14:00 local time, respectively. Multiple correspondence analysis(MCA) indicated that the different ranges of visibility were significantly affected by different levels of pollutants and meteorological conditions. Based on the analyses, visibility was found to be an exponential function of PM_(2.5) concentrations within a certain range of relative humidity. Thus, nonlinear models combining multiple linear regressions with exponential regression were subsequently developed using the data collected from June 2014 to May 2015, and the data from June 2013 to May 2014 was used to evaluate the performance of the model. It was demonstrated that the derived models can quantitatively describe the relationships between visibility, air quality and meteorological parameters in Ningbo.     

美国饮用水水源地保护经验及其对我国的启示

新冠肺炎疫情对公众健康造成了极大威胁。针对疫情可能造成的水污染问题,各地生态环境部门均全力加强城市和农村饮用水水源地水质监测预警工作,突出了当前形势下饮用水水源保护工作的重要性。为实现安全饮用水目标,美国在法制体系、组织结构、饮用水水源地风险评估和保护计划等方面积累了丰富的经验,为我国应对疫情、实现饮用水安全保障提供了诸多启示。美国实践经验表明,饮用水水源地保护应建立从废水排放控制到水源地风险防范的全方位、一体化管理体系;完善"从水源地到水龙头"的监测与应急体系;构建分工明确、权责清晰的制度体系;完善公众参与和信息公开,形成多方共治的良好局面。基于美国水源地保护经验,本文研究提出如下建议:加强全国饮用水水源地风险评估,严防医疗污水和城镇生活污水向水源地排放;加强水源地水质监测和预警,提升监测预警水平并制定备用水源等应急响应计划;强化地方政府对水源地的统一监管职能,明确水源地管理部门和水源地水厂的职责分工,加强组织协调和联防联控;完善公众参与和信息公开,增强公众环保意识和"主人翁"意识。     

Fine particle-bound PAHs derivatives at mountain background site (Mount Tai) of the North China: Concentration, source diagnosis and health risk assessment

Ten nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs) and 4 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oPAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) samples from Mount Tai were analyzed during summer (June to August), 2015. During the observation campaign, the mean concentration of total nPAHs and oPAHs was 31.62 pg/m³ and 0.15 ng/m³, respectively. Two of the monitored compounds, namely 9-nitro-anthracene (9N-ANT) (6.86 pg/m³) and 9-fluorenone (9FO) (0.05 ng/m³) were the predominant compounds of nPAHs and oPAHs, respectively. The potential source and long-range transportation of nPAHs and oPAHs were investigated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) methods. The results revealed that biomass/coal burning, gasoline vehicle emission, diesel vehicle emission and secondary formation were the dominant sources of nPAHs and oPAHs, which were mainly from Henan province and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Bohai sea. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated to evaluate the exposure risk of nPAHs and oPAHs for three group people (infant, children and adult), and the values of ILCR were 7.02 × 10^?10, 3.49 × 10^?9 and 1.41 × 10^?8 for infant, children and adults, respectively. All these values were lower than the standard of EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (<10^?6), indicating acceptable health risk of nPAHs and oPAHs.     

中国铝生命周期能耗与碳排放的情景分析及减排对策

铝工业是高能耗高排放工业,探索铝工业的节能减排路径有助于我国实现《巴黎协定》中的温室气体减排承诺.采用物质流分析和生命周期评价方法,基于存量水平、技术水平和能源结构设置了15种情景,研究了我国铝工业1990～2100年的能耗和碳排放量,探索不同路径下的节能减排潜力.我国铝在用存量将在2040～2050年达到峰值(4.6...     

油田井口加热炉烟尘排放超标原因分析及治理方法

针对井口加热炉燃用套管气出现的烟尘排放超标问题,从燃烧方式及燃料组成方面分析发现,加热炉所采用的扩散式燃烧,火焰面燃料侧缺少氧气,燃料产生热分解生成炭黑颗粒;另外,套管气含有大量的重碳烷烃,其稳定性差、分解温度低,加剧了热分解反应。因此,控制套管气质量和改变燃烧方式是治理烟尘排放超标的基本途径。但是井口加装轻烃回收装置,分离出套管气中的重碳烷烃,成本高不可行。最终,基于预混燃烧理论,设计了双调风预混燃烧装置,现场实施结果表明,不仅烟尘排放降低了87.8%,而且NOx排放降低了58.6%、热效率提升了8.2%。实践证明,预混燃烧是治理井口加热炉烟尘排放超标的有效方法。     

减振复合钢板的成形性及其数值模拟研究进展

减振复合钢板是一种应用于汽车覆盖件方面的新型材料 ,有利于减振和减轻重量。介绍了其成形性和成形过程数值模拟的研究进展 ,并对未来发展进行了展望     

水文变异条件下潦河生态流量计算研究

气候变化和高强度人类活动改变了流域的自然水文循环过程,导致水文序列出现变异,严重影响了流域水文生态系统的稳定性.目前,基于水文变异条件下的河道内生态流量计算已成为当前变化环境下生态水文学研究的热点问题之一.以江西鄱阳湖西北部的潦河为例,采用水文时间序列变异检验方法分析径流变异性及成因,应用水文模型对水文变异后的径流进行还原,以Kolmogorov-Smirnov（K-S）、Anderson Darling（A-D）和概率点据相关系数（PPCC）3种检验法确定月径流的最优概率分布函数,进而提出水文变异条件下最适宜的潦河生态流量计算方法.结果表明:①潦河万家埠站径流在1972年发生水文变异,突变点后流域年径流增加了12%,降水量的增加和蒸发量的减少是其主要驱动要素.②采用分布式时变增益模型（DTVGM）对径流进行还原,率定期和验证期的相关系数和Nash-Sutchliffe效率系数均大于0.78,径流模拟值和实测值拟合程度较高,表明基于DTVGM进行径流还原是可行的.③基于还原后的径流,对5种概率分布函数进行拟合优度综合检验,确定逐月最优分布函数,并估算月河道生态流量.与Tennant法、最枯月平均流量法、7Q10法等方法比较,基于最优分布函数的生态流量结果更具确定性与合理性.在气候变化和人类活动引起径流变异的背景下,考虑水文变异的河道内生态需水计算方法能够更科学地体现水文变异对生态需水过程的影响,研究结果可为潦河流域水生态保护和水资源管理提供数据支撑,也可为变化环境下水资源规划和配置提供科学依据.      

稻草秸秆生物质炭对重金属Cd2+的吸附性能研究

以稻草秸秆为原料,分别通过水热炭化和热解炭化制备生物质炭(分别记为RS-HC和RS-BC),并采用不同的洗涤剂(蒸馏水、乙醇、四氢呋喃)对水热炭进行洗涤,分别记为RS-HC₁、RS-HC₂和RS-HC₃.探究了吸附时间、Cd²⁺初始浓度和溶液pH值对4种生物质炭吸附性能的影响.结果表明:4种生物质炭对Cd²⁺的吸附均符合准二级动力学方程,表明吸附过程主要受化学吸附速率控制;RS-HC对不同浓度下Cd²⁺的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,但对于RS-BC,Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程的拟合效果都比较好(R²>0.93),说明水热炭对Cd²⁺的吸附多为单分子层吸附,而Cd²⁺在热解炭上的吸附则是多分子层吸附和单分子层吸附共同作用的结果;4种生物质炭的平衡吸附容量排序为:RS-BC>RS-HC₃>RS-HC₂&g...