等离子体协同光催化去除模拟烟气中SO2的实验研究

近年来,低温等离子体技术以及纳米TiO₂光催化技术在烟气脱硫中的应用越来越引起人们的关注。利用填充床反应器将这2种技术有机地结合起来，进行了大量脱硫实验研究。研究结果表明，等离子体协同光催化去除烟气中的SO₂与单独采用等离子体技术相比，其SO₂的去除率可提高5%～20%。同时，探讨了等离子体协同TiO₂光催化剂的脱硫机理，分别研究了外加电压、气体流量和SO₂初始浓度等因素对脱硫效率的影响。实验结果表明，当SO₂初始浓度为800 mg/m³，输入电压为17.5 kV，气体流量为0.2 m³/h时，SO₂脱除率可以达到77.6%。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属分离效果影响因素研究

采用重庆同兴垃圾焚烧发电厂产生的焚烧飞灰,在感应炉上进行熔融处理实验研究,探讨了熔融温度、熔融时间、碱度等因素对熔融过程中重金属分离效果的影响.结果表明,重金属的挥发率按其熔沸点高低区分明显,Pb、Zn和Cd的挥发率较高,分别为80%、60%和95%左右;Cr、Mn的挥发率均低于10%.随着熔融时间、熔融温度和碱度的增加,Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Cr的挥发率变化趋势不明显;铁浴熔融方式可进一步促进Zn、Pb、Hg的挥发,有利于Cr、Cu从熔渣中分离出来,与生铁形成合金.对熔渣的浸出毒性测试结果表明,重金属元素的浸出毒性均可达标(GB5085.3-1996).     

Organic matter extracted from activated sludge with ammonium hydroxide and its characterization

In order to characterize the organic properties of waste activated sludge in a wastewater treatment plant,organic matter within sludge was extracted with NH 3 ·H 2 O preferentially,and subsequently fractionated into five fractions using XAD-8/XAD-4 resins.Up to a 63.8%-71.1% of organic matter within the sludge could be efficiently extracted by NH 3 ·H 2 O.Fractionation results showed that hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic fraction were two main components among the sludge organic matter (accounting for 32.2% and 48.0% of the bulk organic matter,respectively),whereas transphilic acid,hydrophobic neutral and transphilic neutral were quite low (accounting for 9.2%,5.8% and 4.8%,respectively).Despite that the extractant of NH 3 ·H 2 O showed a relatively higher extraction efficiency of the aromatic components,the relatively low aromaticity of the organic fractions implied that those non-aromatic components could also be effectively extracted,especially for neutral and hydrophilic fractions.In addition,acidic fractions contained more aromatic humic-like components,whereas the neutral fractions had a greater content of aromatic proteins and soluble microbial byproduct-like components.Extraction of sludge organics with NH 3 ·H 2 O and subsequential fractionation using XAD resins could be a novel method for further characterization of sludge organics.     

加速吉林省国界河流网络环境监测站标准化建设的建议

本文通过对吉林省国界河流水质状况分析,对其网络环境监测站的监测能力、监测设备等基本情况进行了调查,提出了加速基层网络环境监测站的标准化建设的建议。     

几种难降解有机废水的光化学处理研究

采用日光和中压汞灯为光源,分别在充空气、加入Ｈ２Ｏ２或ＴｉＯ２等半导体催化剂条件下,对几种难降解的有机废水进行了光化学处理研究。结果表明：石化和焦化废水中挥发酚,油和ＣＯＤ的去除率分别为８６．３％－１００％,３９．８％－９７．８％,２６．４％－６０％,几种偶氮染料水溶液的脱色率、ＣＯＤ去除率分别为８０．０％－１００％,４８．０％－７５．０％,还测定了苯酚的降解产物,讨论了影响光解的要素和苯酚的降解     

哈尔滨市产业转移前后水环境安全度变化研究

基于松花江流域特点与产业转移对水环境的影响,从压力层、状态层、响应层3个方面构建水环境安全评价指标体系,并利用模糊综合评价的方法,对哈尔滨市产业转移前后的水环境安全进行了评价。结果表明：在承接产业转移初期哈尔滨市水环境安全度有所下降,但在转移后期却有了明显提高。另外,各目标层水环境安全度在转移初期也均有不同程度的下降,且随着产业转移进程的推进,压力层水环境安全度基本保持不变,状态层与响应层水环境安全度呈现缓慢上升趋势,说明产业转移不一定对水环境造成消极影响,如果政府能采取合理应对措施,产业转移也能成为水环境保护的契机。     

沈阳市环境铅污染对儿童健康的影响

实地调查采样、结合GIS技术进行室内综合分析,系统研究了沈阳市大气、土壤、灰尘中铅污染对儿童健康的影响.结果表明,沈阳市环境中铅暴露普遍,铅污染较严重,铅浓度空间分异大,已形成4个高浓度中心.并且大气铅浓度有明显的日、季和年变化规律沈阳市环境铅污染已经影响了儿童健康,0～10岁儿童(ZPP＞2.3μmol/L)血铅范围是10.98～511.2μg/L,平均值是135.59μg/L,40%的儿童血铅水平超标.儿童血铅与大气铅相关性最大,其次是土壤和灰尘.实行无铅汽油之后,大气铅污染有了很大改善,但是土壤和灰尘中的铅容易以扬尘的方式再次进入大气,存在潜在风险,应引起有关部门足够的重视.     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.     

提高碳汇潜力：量化树种和造林模式对碳储量的影响

全球气候变化背景下,造林再造林固定的碳可以抵消温室气体减限排量。通过造林再造林增加森林面积可以增加林业碳汇,在土地面积有限的情况下,提高造林质量——在有限的造林面积上固定更多的碳是十分必要的。树种和造林模式的选择是增加森林生态系统碳汇的重要管理决策。文章综述了树种和造林模式对生态系统的碳储量的影响。树种从生物量的积累,凋落物和土壤碳储存,以及木材密度、碳贮存量等几个方面探讨其对生态系统碳库的影响。混交林能充分利用立地条件、改善树木营养状况,并且可以减少病虫害和森林火灾。同时分析了我国在森林经营方面存在的问题和改善途径,以期为该领域的研究提供参考。