Removal of bromate ion using powdered activated carbon

Bromate ion (BrO 3) removal from drinking water by powdered activated carbons (PAC S) in bath mode was evaluated under various operational conditions.Six kinds of PACs,including wood-based carbon,fruit-based carbon,coal-based carbon,and these three carbons thermally deoxidized in a nitrogen atmosphere,were selected to investigate their capacity on BrO 3 removal.With the highest zeta potential value and being richly mesoporous,coal-based carbon had a high and an excellent BrO 3 adsorption efficiency.The removal content of BrO 3 by per gram of coal-based carbon was 0.45 mg within 5 hr in 100 μg/L bromate solution.The surface characteristics of PACs and bromide formation revealed that both physical and chemical PACs properties simultaneously affected the adsorptionreduction process.Under acidic conditions,PAC S possessed high zeta value and adequate basic groups and exhibited neutral or positive charges,promoting BrO 3 adsorption-reduction on the carbon surface.Interestingly,the PAC S thermally deoxidized in N 2 atmosphere optimized their properties,e.g.increasing their zeta values and decreasing the oxygen content which accelerated the BrO 3 removal rate.The maximum adsorption capacity of fruit-based carbon was the highest among all tested carbons (99.6 mg/g),possibly due to its highest pore volume.Remarkably,the thermal regeneration of PACs in N 2 atmosphere could completely recover the adsorption capacity of PACs.The kinetic data obtained from carbons was analyzed using pseudo second-order and intraparticle diffusion models,with results showing that the intraparticle diffusion was the more applicable model to describe adsorption of BrO 3 onto PACs.     

胶州湾水体重金属Hg Ⅱ. 分布和污染源

根据1980年6月,7月,9月,10月胶州湾水域调查资料,探讨和研究胶州湾重金属Hg的水质、平面分布、垂直分布、月变化以及污染源.结果表明:在胶州湾东部近岸,有三个Hg的重度污染源:海泊河、李村河和娄山河的河口区0.0832～13.04 μg/L,在近岸水域有两个Hg的轻度污染源:薛家岛的两侧0.0637～ 0.134 μg/L;在胶州湾近岸水域,其Hg的含量在0.030～0.050 μg/L之间;胶州湾中心水域,其Hg的含量都低于0.030 μg/L.胶州湾海域表层水和底层水中Hg含量分布的变化证实了Hg的迁移过程,表明了Hg入海后沉降较快,在胶州湾近岸水域沉降.通过胶州湾Hg污染的时空分布,认为人类活动造成Hg的污染,Hg污染的程度与采取的措施密切相关.因此,要治理胶州湾Hg的污染,首要的是采取措施控制陆源污染物的排放.     

波长254 nm和365 nm紫外辐照下活性艳红X-3B的光催化降解动力学研究

以活性艳红X-3B为对象,研究其在不同波段紫外光照射条件下的光催化降解动力学.结果表明,在长波紫外条件下,活性艳红X-3B的降解动力学符合表观一级动力学方程,其反应表观速率常数与光强之间呈对数关系;在短波紫外条件下,活性艳红X-3B的降解动力学可以用二级动力学方程拟合,速率常数与光强之间成正比.通过对比X-3B在2种光源下的降解半衰期发现,在同比条件下,365 nm光源对活性艳红X-3B的降解半衰期为37.263 min,而254 nm光源则下降为0.855 min.短波紫外比长波紫外具有更高的光量子效率,其对X-3B的降解效率也更高.     

原子吸收法测定土壤中铅含量的不确定度评定

以原子吸收法测定土壤中铅为例,本文分析了测试过程中不确定度的来源。对各不确定度分量进行评定及合成,并计算得出合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果表明,标准储备液配制过程引入的不确定度可以忽略不计。对本测试方法影响较大的不确定度分量是标准溶液稀释使用移液管的精度和微量进样器进样体积以及样品前处理和测定过程中的随机因素引起的相...     

Adsorptive removal of hydrophobic organic compounds by carbonaceous adsorbents: A comparative study of waste-polymer-based, coal-based activated carbon, and carbon nanotubes

Adsorption of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (DCB), 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on five different carbonaceous materials was compared. The adsorbents included three polymer-based activated carbons, one coal-based activated carbon (F400) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). The polymerbased activated carbons were prepared using KOH activation from waste polymers: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and tire rubber (TR). Compared with F400 and MWNT, activated carbons derived from PVC and PET exhibited fast adsorption kinetics and high adsorption capacity toward the HOCs, attributed to their extremely large hydrophobic surface area (2700 m²/g) and highly mesoporous structures. Adsorption of small-sized TCE was stronger on the tire-rubber-based carbon and F400 resulting from the pore-filling effect. In contrast, due to the molecular sieving effect, their adsorption on HCH was lower. MWNT exhibited the lowest adsorption capacity toward HOCs because of its low surface area and characteristic of aggregating in aqueous solution.     

黄河下游“二级悬河”典型河段近期治理工程环境影响研究

根据黄河下游“二级悬河”“槽高、滩低、堤根洼”的特点,结合国务院发布的《黄河流域防洪规划》,分析工程建设的必要性以及对黄河下游河道进行改造的重大意义,进行了工程实施对黄河下游河道水文情势、水生生态、淤填区陆生生态、土地利用方式、水土流失、退水等环境影响研究。针对工程实施所带来的环境影响提出相应的水环境、生态修复、防护和保护等措施。     

潭江流域水质时空分布特征及其与土地利用的相关性分析

以潭江流域为研究区域,利用2016年5月TM遥感影像底图,结合Google高清影像和实地调查修正获取流域土地利用图。运用ArcGIS分析工具,将流域分为26个子流域,研究各子流域的土地利用结构。根据2015~2016年不同水期的水质监测,分析TP、TN、NH_4~+-N、高锰酸盐、COD的时空分布特征;利用spearman相关与逐步多元回归分析其与土地利用结构的相关性。结果表明,各项水质指标基本表现为丰水期优于平水期,枯水期最次。在空间上,上游水质优于中游水质,下游水质最次。流域土地利用结构与水质之间的关系表现为:林地、草地能够缓解水质恶化,相当于"汇",耕地、建设用地、水体会导致水质恶化,相当于"源"。建设用地是对水质恶化影响最大的因素,其次是耕地。部分流域污水处理率有限及污水处理的水质标准与地表水水质标准的差距较大,可能是水质难以好转的主要原因。林地能够显著改善水质,应该加强管理和保护。     

数字图像技术结合小岛法在煤分形特征中的应用*

为探究煤的孔裂隙结构分形特征,以贵州富煤区4个煤层的煤样为研究对象,基于扫描电镜和低温液氮实验综合表征煤样的孔裂隙发育程度及连通性,应用Photoshop,Image-Pro-Plus图像处理技术对煤的SEM图像进行二值化处理及主要参数提取;结合小岛法计算煤样的孔裂隙分形维数值,并与扫描电镜、低温液氮实验分析结果进行对比。结果表明:经扫描电镜和低温液氮实验发现,4个煤层的孔裂隙连通性优先顺序依次为六盘水煤田3#煤层＞黔北煤田9#煤层＞黔北煤田8#煤层＞织纳煤田8#煤层;借助图像处理技术并结合小岛法对实验煤样的孔裂隙分形维数进行计算,各实验煤层分形维数由小到大依次为六盘水煤田3#煤层<黔北煤田9#煤层<黔北煤田8#煤层<织纳煤田8#煤层,该分形维数排序所反馈的煤样孔裂隙发育程度及连通性信息与前述2个实验结果相互印证,表明数字图像技术与小岛法分形相结合能真实、准确地反映煤的分形特征。     

我国鸟类监测的现状、问题与对策

鸟类是开展生物多样性监测的重要指示类群.对鸟类的长期、系统监测工作在欧美已经有百余年历史,且野鸟多样性指数已经成为欧美一些国家开展生物多样性监测工作的官方指标.通过对国内鸟类监测现状的分析,结合监测对象、指标、抽样策略和监测方法等监测工作中应重点关注的几个方面,提出了我国鸟类监测存在的问题,并结合国情提出了下一步开展鸟类监测工作的对策与建议.建议我国有关部门尽快制定鸟类监测技术规程和标准,统一数据收集和分析平台,逐步构建政府引导,科研院所、高等院校、自然保护区、观鸟协会和志愿者等多方参与的鸟类监测网络.     

Impacts of advanced treatment processes on elimination of antibiotic resistance genes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The distributions of ARGs were monitored in a WWTP in Harbin during six months. CASS had the best removal efficacy of ARGs compared to other processes in the WWTP. UV disinfection could effectively control the HGT. AGAC significantly remove ARGs and organics due to its high absorption capacity. Combination of ozone and AGAC significantly improve removal of ARGs and organics. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a serious threat to public health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for controlling the release of ARGs into the environment. This study investigated ARG distribution at every step in the treatment process of a municipal WWTP located in Harbin for six consecutive months. Changes in ARG distribution involved in two advanced secondary effluent treatment processes, ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, were analyzed. Biological treatment resulted in the highest ARG removal (0.76–1.94 log reduction), followed by ultraviolet (UV) disinfection (less than 0.5-log reduction). Primary treatment could not significantly remove ARGs. ARG removal efficiency increased with an increase in the ozone dose below 40 mg/L. However, amorphous GAC (AGAC) adsorption with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h showed better removal of ARGs, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) than ozonation at a 60 mg/L dose. UV treatment could efficiently reduce the relative ARG abundance, despite presenting the lowest efficiency for the reduction of absolute ARG abundance compared with GAC and ozone treatments. The combination of ozone and AGAC can significantly improve the removal of ARGs, TOC, TN and TP. These results indicate that a treatment including biological processing, ozonation, and AGAC adsorption is a promising strategy for removing ARGs and refractory organic substances from sewage.