上海水体中抗生素抗性基因的分布特征

为研究上海市水体中抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)的污染状况和分布特征,采集17个不同地段的水样,进行了耐药菌和ARGs丰度的检测。结果表明,水中磺胺嘧啶类耐药菌、氨苄青霉素类耐药菌、环丙沙星类耐药菌、氯霉素类耐药菌的耐药率分别为14.81%~94.55%、0~46.60%、0~91.07%、0~87.5%。养殖场周围河流总耐药菌量普遍高于非养殖场周围河流。非养殖场周围水体和养殖场周围水体中抗生素抗性基因sul1、amp R、qnr S、cml A均被检出。定量PCR的检测结果表明,非养殖场周围水体和养殖场周围水体中氯霉素类抗性基因含量最高,其次为磺胺类抗性基因,养殖场周围水体抗生素抗性基因含量普遍高于非养殖场周围水体。抗生素抗性基因sul1、amp R、qnr S、cml A的含量与微生物、温度、悬浮物等影响因素显著性相关(p0.05),表明在水环境中这些影响因子对抗生素抗性基因的分布影响较大。     

电渗析法脱除氨法烟气脱硫浆液中的氟离子

利用异相膜电渗析装置去除氨法烟气脱硫浆液中的F~-。考察了脱硫浆液p H、F~-初始质量浓度、Cl~-初始质量浓度、膜堆两端电压、浓缩室和淡化室循环流量等操作参数对F~-去除效果的影响。实验结果表明:在酸性条件下,F~-去除率更高;脱硫浆液中F~-初始质量浓度越高,F~-去除率越高;Cl~-初始质量浓度较低时会增加F~-去除率,过高时又会降低F~-去除率。优化的操作条件为:膜堆两端电压25 V,浓缩室和淡化室循环流量300 L/h。一级电渗析进行100 min后,Cl~-去除率接近100%,F~-去除率只有47.3%。二级电渗析进行100 min时,F~-去除率达92.2%。一、二级电渗析F~-累积去除率达96.1%。     

Characteristics and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shanghai, China

A field campaign was conducted to measure and analyze 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in six major zones in the city of Shanghai, P.R. China from August 2006 to April 2007. Ambient air samples were collected seasonally using passive air samplers, and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy was used in this field campaign. The results showed that there was a sequence of 13 PAHs at Phen > FA > Pyr > Chr > Fl > An > BaA > BbFA > BghiP > IcdP > BkFA > BaP > DahA and the sum of these PAHs is 36.01 ± 10.85 ng/m³ in gas phase. FL, Phen, FA, Pyr, and Chr were the dominant PAHs in gas phase in the city. They contributed 90% of total PAHs in the gas phase. Proportion of measured PAHs with three, four, five, and six rings to total PAHs was 53%, 42%, 3%, and 2%, respectively. The highest concentration of ΣPAHs (the sum of 13 PAHs) occurred in the wintertime and the lowest was in the summer. This investigation suggested that traffic, wood combustion, and metal scrap burn emissions were dominant sources of the concentrations of PAHs in six city zones compared with coal burning and industry emissions. Further, the traffic emission sources of PAHs in the city were attributed mostly to gasoline-powered vehicles compared with diesel-powered vehicles. It was revealed that the seasonal changes in PAHs in the city depended on different source types. Metal scrap burn was found to be the major source of PAHs during the autumn, while the PAH levels in the atmosphere for winter and spring seasons were mainly influenced by wood and biomass combustion. Comparisons of PAHs among different city zones and with several other cities worldwide were also made and discussed.     

Investigation of indoor environmental quality in Shanghai metro stations, China

A field study was carried out in Shanghai metro stations to gather and evaluate information about the real environment. The thermal environment and particulate matter levels were monitored in this study. The mean thermal sensation vote in metro stations was 0.91, and the mean thermal neutral temperature was 20.6°C. Although 92.1% of subjects voted that the thermal environment was acceptable, the condition of air quality in Shanghai metro stations was not good. The mean levels of PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 were 0.231 ± 0.152, 0.287 ± 0.177, and 0.366 ± 0.193 mg/m³, respectively. The contribution of PM1.0 to PM2.5 and PM2.5 to PM10 was up to 79% and 76%, respectively. This means that fine particles or ultrafine particles constituted the preponderant part of metro station particulate matter.     

阴离子表面活性剂测量因素的探讨

针对亚甲蓝分光光度法测定阴离子表面活性剂较难处理的乳化现象,采用破乳剂－异丙醇消除,方法回收率良好,准确度为95％－105％。     

广东省空气质量等级预报准确性评估

对广东省空气质量等级预报准确性评估进行了探讨,结果表明,在不区分污染等级的情况下,2016年夏季广东各市的预报准确性差异较大,中山预报准确性达92%,是全省唯一一个准确性超过90%的城市,云浮最低,为53%。在区分污染等级时,实测为轻度及以上污染级别的情况下,各市的准确性普遍较低,仅佛山、东莞与广州的准确性达50%以上,而有11个城市的准确性为0。综合考虑不同污染级别的准确性得分后,佛山市排名第1,较不区分污染等级时的排名提前9名。指出,采用区分污染等级的预报效果评估办法更加适合广东空气污染较轻的区域。在首要污染物为臭氧的情况下,广东省平均的等级预报准确性低于首要污染物为其他物种的情况。     

中国中部高山湖泊记录的小冰期水热配置不同模态

小冰期水热配置模态在中国南北方存在明显差异,敏感响应于气候变化的高山湖泊在小冰期阶段水热变化模式仍缺乏研究。选取中国中部两个高山湖泊——太白山玉皇池与六盘山东海子的沉积物岩心为研究对象,基于总有机碳（TOC）、总有机氮（TN）,碳氮比（C/N）等地球化学指标,并结合已发表的水文数据,重建了东海子和玉皇池近2 ka来的水热变化模态。结果显示：近2 ka气候变化主要受太阳辐射影响,在900 AD之前,两个湖泊区域气候同为冷湿,中世纪暖期（900—1300 AD）转为暖干;在小冰期（1300—1800 AD）时期水热组合不同,东海子降水与温度呈同步下降趋势,主要受控于东亚夏季风,而处于东海子东南方向的玉皇池表现为降水的持续增加,可能受加强的印度季风和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）的共同影响。     

Characteristics of slag, fly ash and deposited particles during melting of dewatered sewage sludge in a pilot plant

This study examines slag, fly ash, and deposited particles during melting of dewatered sewage sludge in a pilot plant. In addition, the chemical composition of particles in flue gas was simulated using a thermodynamics program, namely FACTSage 5.2. The results showed that the main components of slag were Al, Fe, Ca, P and Si; the minor components were Na, K, Mg, Cu, and Zn. The main chemical compound of slag was Ca4(Mg,Fe)5(PO4)6. For fly ash particles, heavy metals with the highest concentrations were in the order of Zn and As, Pb, Cu, and Cd, respectively. For non-heavy metals, Al, Fe and P were also found in significant amounts. The majority of deposited particles were composed of elements of Zn, P, S, Na, Fe, Al, Si, and Ca and such chemical compounds as Zn3(PO4)2, AlPO4, FePO4 and Fe(OH)3 while the minority consisted of elements of As, Cu, and Pb. Moreover, the compositions of deposited particles in each chamber differed due to different flue gas temperatures inside. In the secondary chamber at 760 degrees C, the amounts of Fe and Al were higher than Zn, whereas, in the other chambers (600-400 degrees C), the amount of Zn was higher. In other words, at the lower temperature the deposition of Zn was higher than the deposition of Fe and Al. In the water cooling section, volatile elements (i.e. Zn, As, Cu, Pb) were found in the highest concentrations due to a big difference in temperature between the wall surface and flue gas. From the simulation results, most of the elements in the gas phase were found to be chloride compounds, whereas those in the solid phase were in the form of oxide, sulfate, and phosphate compounds.     

金沙江中下游特有鱼类的生物学、生态学特征及其保护对策

基于2012～2017年在金沙江中下游干流两个区域江段(攀枝花和巧家)的渔获物调查,对两个区域内长江上游特有鱼类的生物学和生态学特征进行了研究,并在此基础上,探讨了适用于金沙江中下游特有鱼类的保护措施.结果显示:2012～2017年间,共采集到特有鱼类25种,隶属于4科17属;向家坝和溪洛渡蓄水后,各调查区域主要特有鱼类的资源丰度均明显下降;除西昌白鱼外,24种鱼类均为适应流水、砾石生境的种类.基于生物学和生态学特征的分析,认为金沙江中下游干支流的梯级开发以及持续的过度捕捞是影响该区域特有鱼类资源变动的主要因素,因此建议在尽量延长各干流水库回水变动区流水生境江段长度的同时,应在流域规划层面上,保证重要支流生境的自然化;此外,应在重要生境区域加强渔业管理,并同时加快特有鱼类的全人工繁殖工作.     

不同竖井送排风方式下半横向通风隧道火灾特性与烟气发展规律研究

通过三维数值模拟方法,用连续方程、动量方程和能量方程描述隧道内火灾发生时气流的流动状态.采用Reynold时均方程法的k-ξluent软件,模拟研究3种工况下,竖井送、排风方式对某越江公路隧道火灾中热烟气排出状况的影响.即开启下游竖井内轴流风机和射流风机,分别采取上游竖井送风、上游竖井风机关闭和上游竖井排风3种方案.分析隧道行车道和排烟道内热烟气的速度场和温度场.结果表明,前两种方案阻碍火源处热烟气自顶部风口进入排烟道,风口横向排烟不具备及时、有效的特点,从而使整个隧道内温度较高;上下游竖井同时排风时,气流以较快速度进入排烟道,且隧道内几乎未留下热烟气,因此共同排烟是合理方案.通过本文研究可较全面地了解半横向通风隧道火灾的特性和烟气发展规律,从而为火灾烟气的控制提供优化通风方案.