兰州市室内大气降尘环境磁学特征及其随高度变化研究

对兰州大学齐云楼不同高度的室内大气降尘样品进行的系统环境磁学研究表明,兰州市室内大气降尘中磁性矿物含量较高,并且以多畴和假单畴的亚铁磁性矿物为主,降尘中的磁性矿物主要来自大气污染.兰州市近地表约24 m高度内,室内大气降尘中磁性矿物浓度具有随高度升高而降低、粒径随高度增加而变细的分布特点,称为低污染源决定的近地面吹扬模式.距离建筑物顶部约10 m范围的建筑物内部,随着高度的增加,降尘中磁性矿物浓度增大、粒径变粗,称为高污染源决定的建筑物阻尼模式.兰州市室内降尘的磁性矿物浓度可以有效反映大气颗粒污染状况,研究表明,兰州市距地表20~30 m的适当高度大气颗粒污染最小.研究结果可为了解兰州市大气颗粒污染状况以及开展大气污染治理提供科学依据.     

壳聚糖改性粘土去除城市湖泊中藻类的研究

对壳聚糖改性粘土用于城市湖泊中藻类的絮凝去除进行了研究。实验表明,粘土经过壳聚糖改性后,对高藻水中藻细胞的去除效能得到很大的提高。相比单独投加壳聚糖,粘土的加入增加了絮体密实度,减少了絮体体积,并使絮体分布更均匀。在壳聚糖与粘土配比为1∶20时,叶绿素的去除率和浊度的去除率均为最佳。粘土的种类对除藻效果有一定影响,其中以高粘凹凸棒石为最佳,在最佳投加量28 mg.L-1时,对叶绿素的去除率达到96.2%;粘土的粒径对絮凝效果基本没有影响,在粒径为60μm与300μm之间改性粘土对藻细胞的凝聚效果是一致的。经壳聚糖改性的粘土在酸性条件下絮凝效果较好,当pH值大于7时,其絮凝能力迅速下降。     

Mercury in alpine fish from four rivers in the Tibetan Plateau

As a global pollutant, high levels of mercury (Hg) have been found in remote ecosystem due to the long range atmospheric transport. In this study, a total of 60 fish samples were collected from four rivers across the Tibetan Plateau to study the accumulation of Hg in remote and high-altitude aquatic environment. The total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in fish muscles ranged from 11 to 2097 ng/g dry weight (dw) (average: 819 ng/g dw) and from 14 to 1960 ng/g dw (average: 756 ng/g dw), respectively. Significantly positive linear relationships were observed between the THg (r = 0.591, p < 0.01, n = 36) and MeHg concentrations (r = 0.473, p < 0.01, n = 36) with the trophic level of fish from Lhasa River, suggesting trophic transfer and biomagnification of Hg in this aquatic ecosystem. Moreover, the THg levels in fish had significantly positive correlations with the length (r = 0.316, p < 0.05, n = 60) and weight (r = 0.271, p < 0.05, n = 60) of fish. The high levels of Hg were attributed to the slow growth and long lifespan of the fish under this sterile and cold environment. Risk assessment revealed that the consumption of Oxygymnocypris stewartii, Schizothorax macropogon, Schizothorax waltoni, Schizopygopsis younghusbandi and Schizothorax o'connori would lead to a high exposure to MeHg.     

Environmental flows and its evaluation of restoration effect based on LEDESS model in Yellow River Delta wetlands

Due to freshwater supplement scarcity and heavy human activities, the fresh water wetland ecosystem in Yellow River Delta is facing disintegrated deterioration, and it is seriously affecting the health of the Yellow River ecosystem. This paper identifies the restoration objectives of wetland aiming to protect ecological and economic values and development as well as the water resources of the Yellow River. The hydraulic and groundwater coupling model and Landscape Ecological Decision and Evaluation Support System (LEDESS) of the Yellow River Delta were established to calculate environmental flows of degraded wetlands. LEDESS is a computer-based model developed and used to assess and evaluate the effects of land-use changes on nature. In this study, LEDESS is used to assess and evaluate the ecological effects and the restoration possibilities considering several environmental flows’ supplement scenarios. This included the changes of suitable habitat conditions and its ecological carrying capacities for indicator species, e.g., Red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana), and Saunder’s gull (Larus relictus), and changing of ecological patterns. The results showed that replenishing fresh water to wetlands is one of the effective adaptive measures to mitigate wetland degradation and improve its habitat quality and carrying capacities. This study indicated that landscape ecology approach is not only considered as a good way to solve complex problems in ecosystem management but also can be used to decide on the environmental flows and assess its ecological effects in large-scale wetland rehabilitation. This integrated method could make environmental flows estimated and assessment more rational than the results of hydrologic methods. It could assist decision makers to “see” the ecological effects after water supplementing and so alleviate the contradictions between environmental flows and production water demands, and can facilitate the implementation of environmental flows in most countries with water resources shortage.     

常温UASB装置设计与运行控制

五粮液集团白酒生产销售居全国同行业之首，根据白酒生产的工艺技术和水质特性选择UASB－UBF－SRB工艺处理，运行效果达到国家规定的排放标准，文章着重介绍五粮液集团某车间废水处理站厌氧处理系统四季中各种参数的协调运行控制。     

重金属钼的迁移特性及人工湿地处理研究

针对重金属钼污染的面源性及重金属传统处理工艺的一些弊端,综合国内外人工湿地治理重金属污染研究现状,提出了用人工湿地治理重金属钼污染的构思。环境中重金属钼主要来源于钼尾矿中辉钼矿的氧化而淋滤释放的MoO42-。由于土壤和水体中酸碱和氧化还原环境的差异,钼的存在形态具有易变特征,并影响着钼的迁移过程。基于钼迁移特征的研究成果,本文从植物、基质、微生物三方面对人工湿地处理钼污染进行了系统的分析。结论表明,人工湿地处理重金属钼具有一定的应用价值,为我国人工湿地治理重金属钼污染的研究开展以及实际工程应用提供理论支持。     

不同河道型微污染水源预处理工程水质净化效能及水质稳定性评价

为探究兼备水质净化及应急蓄水功能的两种不同微污染饮用水源预处理工程夏季高温期水质净化效果及浮游植物水华爆发风险,于2019年高温期（7—8月）对盐龙湖工程（由预处理单元、人工湿地净化单元及深度净化单元构成）和通榆河工程（由生物接触氧化池,高密度沉淀池及蓄水库构成）各处理单元出水水质及浮游植物群落进行监测分析.结果表明：①夏季蟒蛇河及通榆河水质较差,主要表现为浊度、营养盐和有机物浓度高,DO含量低.两种预处理工程都具有较高的除浊、降低营养盐和提升DO效率,其中,通榆河工程中分别高达89.01%、95.13%和227.00%,净化效能优于盐龙湖工程（分别高达50.55%、38.33%和144.00%）;②夏季高温期间,盐龙湖工程及通榆河工程蓄水单元总浮游植物及蓝藻细胞密度分别为1.71×10⁶ ind·L^-1和1.28×10⁶ ind·L^-1,2.23×10⁶ ind·L^-1和0.96×10⁶ cells·L^-1.两预处理工程蓄水单元藻类构成都以蓝藻为主,其中通榆河蓄水单元藻细胞密度较高,盐龙湖蓄水单元蓝藻细胞密度所占比例较高,结合蓄水单元水质变化（浊度降低,水下光照强度的增加）,两预处理工程蓄水单元仍都具有蓝藻水华的风险;③两种预处理工程中都划分出17个FG和6个MBFG.盐龙湖工程中优势FG为：B、D、P、TC、J、Lo、W1和W2;优势MBFG为：GroupⅢ、GroupⅣ、GroupⅤ、GroupⅥ和GroupⅦ;通榆河工程中优势FG为：B、D、P、Lo、M和W1;优势MBFG为：GroupⅣ、GroupⅤ、GroupⅥ和GroupⅦ.两种功能群都能很好地响应预处理工程中水环境的变化,而MBFG的生境响应性更强,影响优势MBFG的主要环境因子为浊度、电导率、营养盐和COD_Mn.因此,在夏季高温期,需优化预处理工程的工艺与运行,调控关键环境因子,以期能够控制浮游植物大量繁殖和维持水质稳定.     

不同植物对沟渠沉积物反硝化速率及功能基因的影响研究

植物是影响沉积物反硝化作用的重要因素之一,国内外已有不少研究探讨了植物对河口或湖泊沉积物反硝化速率的影响,但关于植物类型对自然沟渠沉积物反硝化速率及其相应功能基因的影响研究不多.因此,本文以7种常见沟渠植物为研究对象,通过室内盆栽试验,利用改进的乙炔抑制法和实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了不同植物对自然沟渠沉积物反硝化速率和相应功能基因(nirS和nirK)拷贝数的影响.结果表明,培养至第180 d时,不同植物生长条件下沉积物反硝化速率在2.85～13.20μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)之间,不同植物间反硝化速率差异显著,且大型挺水植物浮水植物小型挺水植物.不同植物之间沉积物中nirS基因拷贝数在2.70×10~8～5.02×10~8 copies·g~(-1)之间,nirK基因拷贝数在3.97×10~5～6.91×10~5 copies·g~(-1)之间,与培养初期相比,培养180 d后沉积物中nirK、nirS基因拷贝数明显增多.7种植物中,美人蕉沉积物中的反硝化功能基因拷贝数较高,狐尾藻较低,整体来看,基因拷贝数大小顺序为:挺水植物浮水植物.nirS基因拷贝数与NO~-_3-N含量、TN含量及反硝化速率之间均呈显著性的正相关关系(p0.05),但nirK基因拷贝数与沉积物碳氮含量及反硝化速率之间相关性不显著.     

接种菌根真菌对湿生植物根际土壤硝化反硝化活性的影响及其微生物机制

为探究接种菌根真菌对湿生植物根际土壤硝化-反硝化作用的影响,以湿生植物旱伞草和石菖蒲为材料,接种筛选自本地植物根系及根际土壤的菌根真菌混合菌种MF-MD为试验组,并设置未接种植物作为对照组.在水体氮素富营养化条件下种植3个月,然后测定植物根际土壤硝化反硝化活性.结果表明,接种MF-MD能促进两种植物根际土壤硝化反应,同时接种MF-MD促进了旱伞草根际土壤反硝化作用但是抑制了石菖蒲根际土壤反硝化作用.从接种后植物根际土壤微生物量,硝化细菌与反硝化细菌群落结构变化等角度分析了引起土壤硝化-反硝化反应发生变化的原因.发现接种处理的试验组湿生植物根际土壤微生物量(soil microbial biomass,SMB)高于对照组但差异不显著,且与对照组相比,试验组与土壤硝化反硝化作用相关的微生物群落结构发生变化.此试验对于研究菌根真菌结合湿生植物去除富营养化水体中的N元素具有积极意义.     

部分苯衍生物对黄瓜种子发芽率的抑制毒性及QSAR研究

采用半静态培养法测定了29种苯衍生物对黄瓜种子发芽率的48h抑制毒性,并进行了定量结构-活性相关研究．结果表明：苯衍生物对黄瓜种子发芽率的抑制毒性不仅与化合物的疏水性(lgKOW)有关,而且与其分子最低未占轨道能量(ELUMO)有关．