不同类型区农用地整治对农田生产能力的影响

以产能提高为核心的农用地整治已上升为国家层面的重要战略之一。通过建立农用地整治影响下的农田生产能力估算模型,定量评价湖北省内平原、丘陵及山地3种不同类型区农用地整治对农田生产能力的影响,结果表明:①农用地整治后,山地型整治区农田生产能力提高168.91%,丘陵型整治区提高57.78%,平原型整治区提高38.32%;②平原型整治区基础设施要素提高最大,为78.62%;丘陵型整治区水资源要素提高最大,为75%;山地型整治区基础设施要素提高最大,为199.12%;③总体上,基础设施要素对农田生产能力的贡献率都最大。建议国家农用地整治在政策上适当增加对山地型和丘陵型整治区的重视,项目区应合理配套农村居民点整治工程,并尽量避免生态损失。     

Removal of Mo(VI) from aqueous solutions using sulfuric acid-modified cinder: kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Removal of Mo(VI) from aqueous solutions was investigated using cinder modified by sulfuric acid. Various parameters such as pH, agitation time, Mo(VI) concentration, and temperature have been studied. The maximum adsorption of Mo(VI) occurred at pH between 4.0 and 6.0. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption generally obeyed a pseudo second-order model. The activation energy was 31.4?kJ?mol^?1, indicating that the adsorption process was governed mainly by interactions of physical nature. Furthermore, application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to the adsorption equilibrium data showed that the adsorption behavior obeyed the Langmuir model. The adsorption capacity was found to be 10.8?g Mo(VI)?kg^?1 adsorbent. Finally, thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH ⁰, ΔS ⁰, and ΔG ⁰ were also evaluated, which showed that the adsorption of Mo(VI) on the treated cinder was endothermic, entropy increasing, and spontaneous. In conclusion, the sulfuric acid-modified cinder was shown to be an inexpensive, effective, and simple adsorbent for the removal of Mo(VI) from water.     

孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸暴露对子代大鼠糖代谢的影响

探讨孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露对子代大鼠成年后糖代谢稳态的影响。Wistar孕鼠随机分组,自孕0天(GD0)起分别以0 mg·kg^-1(对照组)、4 mg·kg^-1(低剂量组)和8 mg·kg^-1 (高剂量组) PFOS(以饲料中PFOS计)经口染毒至仔鼠出生后21天(PND21)断乳为止。高效液相/质谱法检测PND1、PND21和PND42时仔鼠血清PFOS含量。检测仔鼠断乳后第8周和第18周时空腹血糖和胰岛素水平计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);比较仔鼠口服糖耐量及肝脏糖代谢关键酶表达水平改变。结果显示：发育期PFOS暴露导致仔鼠出现血清中PFOS蓄积,以PND21时浓度最高,在低剂量组和高剂量组中分别为(7.77±1.45) μg·mL^-1和(5.09±0.57) μg·mL^-1。与对照组相比,不同剂量组仔鼠在断乳前后均出现明显体重降低,并在成年后出现高胰岛素血症,但PFOS仅在雄性仔鼠中引起了血糖升高。18周龄时口服糖耐量结果显示,PFOS暴露使雄性仔鼠在该阶段出现糖耐量受损,同时造成过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ协同刺激因子(PGC-1)、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)表达水平的显著增高以及葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6P)表达水平的显著降低。以上结果说明PFOS孕哺期暴露可引起子代成年后糖代谢失调,有增加糖尿病患病风险可能。     

基于熵信息扩散理论的中国农业水旱灾害风险评估

农业水旱灾害是制约中国农业生产的重要因素。针对信息扩散理论模型存在的不足,论文构建了评估中国农业水旱灾害风险的熵信息扩散理论模型,依据1985-2013年数据资料,运用熵信息扩散理论模型对中国大陆30个省、市、自治区（重庆包含在四川中计算）的农业水旱灾害进行了风险评估,根据农业水旱灾害风险评估结果对中国农业水旱灾害风险进行了综合对比分析。评估和分析结果表明：中国面临着较大的农业水旱灾害风险压力;中国农业旱灾风险明显大于农业水灾风险;农业水旱灾害空间风险特征明显;农业水灾高中风险区域主要集中在长江中下游地区和东北地区,农业旱灾高风险区域主要集中在中国北部地区和东北地区,总体上看,中国农业水旱灾害的空间分布格局是南方地区易出现水灾,而北部地区易出现旱灾,东北地区面临水旱灾害重叠的双重压力。     

含固率和接种比对林可霉素菌渣厌氧消化的影响

通过林可霉素菌渣的中温厌氧消化摇瓶实验,比较不同的含固率(3%、5%、8%、10%)和接种比(0.5、1、2、3)对菌渣产甲烷能力的影响,以确定菌渣厌氧消化的最优工艺条件.结果表明,在研究参数范围内,含固率越低,接种比越高,越有利于甲烷的产生;经过10d的培养,在含固率为3%、接种比为3时的工况中,菌渣的挥发性固体(VS)累计净产甲烷量最高,为106 mL/g;而含固率>5%、接种比2的液态发酵工艺,此条件既能保证厌氧消化不受消化产物(胺和挥发性有机酸)积累的抑制,也可以缓冲菌渣中残留林可霉素对消化微生物可能产生的抑制效应.     

接噪作业人员血压检查结果分析

对206名接噪作业人员与197名非接噪作业人员进行了高血压患病率比较,结果表明接噪组明显高于非接噪组,且接噪作业人员工龄越长,高血压患病率越高。     

A critical exploration of blood and environmental chromium concentration among oral cancer patients in an oral cancer prevalent area of Taiwan

The growing incidence of oral cancer (OC) in Taiwan has become a crucial public health concern. In particular, Changhua, a county in central Taiwan, carries persistently high OC incidence rate, with an alarmingly high male/female ratio of OC incidence. Previous epidemiological studies had found that the incidence is spatially correlated with the level of soil content to certain heavy metals in the central Taiwan area. Soil and the human body both intake environmental heavy metals, which can be absorbed through various ways. The soil metal concentration is an index of possible environmental exposure to heavy metal, and the blood metal concentration somewhat reflects the level of the exposure on the human body. Metallic carcinogen is likely to generate free radicals and play a role in many cancers, and many studies had reported that environmental exposure to heavy metals is an important risk factor for developing cancer. Studies on animals showed that chronic intake of chromium (Cr) could induce OC. This study aims to explore the association between the Cr concentration in the farm soil and in the blood of OC patients. We recruited 79 OC patients from Changhua County, with their lifestyle being adjusted in regression analysis. The results showed that the Cr concentration in the blood of OC patients is significantly higher than the background value, and is positively associated with the Cr concentration in the soil surrounding their residence (p-value < 0.023). Because Changhua County is only with moderate prevalence of the known OC habitual risk factors, an environmental factor related to heavy metal Cr exposure is suspected. Future investigations may verify the causal relation between Cr and OC.     

生物膜生态浮床对城市尾水净化特征分析

为探究生物膜对城市尾水的净化特征,通过采用联合生物膜生态浮床技术,考察生物膜长度、水力停留时间(HRT)及生物膜覆盖面积对含氮尾水的净化特征.结果表明,生物膜为1/2水深长度时,NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TN的去除率分别可达到90. 82%、62. 7%和81. 96%,氮去除率较高,而生物膜长度为整个河道水深时,NH_4~+-N的去除率最高只有22. 07%,NO_3~--N和TN的浓度变化不明显.在HRT为6 d时,NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率最高分别可达到82. 01%和62. 88%,最低分别为55. 24%和46. 82%;当HRT为12 d时,NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率最高分别可达81. 4%和79. 93%,但最低分别达到了8. 73%和17. 23%,对比发现,HRT为6 d时氮的去除效率较高且稳定.在生物膜覆盖面积为10%时,一个运行周期内NH_4~+-N去除率呈下降趋势,而覆盖面积为20%时,去除率呈上升趋势; TN在10%和20%的膜覆盖面积条件下去除率分别为62. 88%和71. 09%.     

藏西北高寒牧区草地退化现状与机理分析

以藏西北高寒牧区为研究区域,综合利用NOAA、MODIS卫星NDVI(归一化植被指数)、气象资料、社会统计资料并结合GIS技术,对藏西北高寒牧区的草地状况和退化机理作了分析。结果表明:①藏西北高寒牧区草地覆盖度等级呈正态分布,且中等偏下略多,地表植被总体上比较稀疏;②2005年区域内的草地退化总面积为14.19×10⁴km²,占区域天然草地总面积的39.64%,其中轻度退化面积最多,占退化总面积的65.96%,其次是中度和重度退化,分别占25.20%和8.84%;③草地退化的主要原因一是与近年来该区域的气候变化有关,二是草地超载率达到59.18%,过度放牧引起的草地退化和沙化现象也越来越严重,是局部草地退化的根本原因,人口的增加和人类活动频繁对草场的破坏,也是近年来草地退化的主要原因。     

高浓度钻井废泥浆处理工艺的试验研究

为实现钻井泥浆无害化处理,提出了"酸化破胶-固液分离-催化氧化-微生物降解"的处理方法,并采用钻井现场废泥浆进行了系列试验研究。结果表明:泥浆密度调节为1.15 kg/dm3,酸化pH≤3,固液分离效果最佳;过滤分离后固相浸毒液达到国家排放标准;液相经Fenton氧化、微生物降解后,COD将降低到110 mg/L以下。该方法运行成本低,处理彻底无隐患,为进一步工业化试验奠定了基础。