不同生物载体模拟河道反应器的微污染水源水修复研究

分别以弹性填料和AquaMats生态基为载体,比较了2组模拟河道生物反应器启动过程及其修复微污染水源水性能.结果表明,在间歇曝气与逐步增强曝气强度的挂膜启动方式下,悬挂弹性填料的模拟河道反应器运行50d即启动完成,其高锰酸盐指数、氨氮去除率分别高达78.2%、93.5%;AquaMats生态基反应器的高锰酸盐指数、氨氮去除率则在2周后分别达到70%、80%以上.不同曝气方式的影响研究发现,曝气/停曝时间比3h:3h、曝气量250L·h-1工况下,弹性填料生物膜反应器的高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、TN、TP的去除率均优于AquaMats反应器;随着曝气强度减至120L·h-1及曝气/停曝时间比缩短,AquaMats反应器的污染物去除性能逐步提高,表明其在确保一定的污染物去除率的前提下具有低气水比潜力与节能降耗的应用优势.镜检分析发现,弹性填料表面以颗粒物质截留、丝状菌包裹为主,而AquaMats生态基上附着的生物膜微生物群落相对较丰富.研究认为,呈辐射状结构的弹性填料对颗粒态污染物具有较强的截留能力,可实现微污染源水修复系统快速挂膜与稳定运行;而AquaMats生态基内部微孔结构有利于不同功能的微生物富集,可在低气水比条件下强化多种低浓度污染物的协同去除.     

有机磷农药降解方法及应用研究新进展

现代农业的发展和有机磷农药的使用密切相关,所造成的严重的农产品和环境污染是农业发展有待解决的关键问题之一。介绍了超声波技术、吸附、洗涤和辐照等物理方法,微生物、降解酶和工程菌等生物方法,水解、氧化分解和光化学降解等化学方法对有机磷农药的降解作用及其相关的应用研究。     

Chemical cleaning of fouled PVC membrane during ultrafiltration of algal-rich water

Cleaning of hollow-fibre polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane with di erent chemical reagents after ultrafiltration of algal-rich water was investigated. Among the tested cleaning reagents (NaOH, HCl, EDTA, and NaClO), 100 mg/L NaClO exhibited the best performance (88.4% 1.1%) in removing the irreversible fouling resistance. This might be attributed to the fact that NaClO could eliminate almost all the major foulants such as carbohydrate-like and protein-like materials on the membrane surface, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. However, negligible irreversible resistance (1.5% 1.0%) was obtained when the membrane was cleaning by 500 mg/L NaOH for 1.0 hr, although the NaOH solution could also desorb a portion of the major foulants from the fouled PVC membrane. Scanning electronic microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses demonstrated that 500 mg/L NaOH could change the structure of the residual foulants on the membrane, making them more tightly attached to the membrane surface. This phenomenon might be responsible for the negligible membrane permeability restoration after NaOH cleaning. On the other hand, the microscopic analyses reflected that NaClO could e ectively remove the foulants accumulated on the membrane surface.     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Erhai, Southwest China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in a sediment core from Lake Erhal in Southwest China using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method.The total organic carbon (TOC) normalized total PAHs concentrations (sum of US Environmental Protection Agency proposed 16 priority PAHs) ranged from 31.9 to 269 μg/g dry weight (dw),and were characterized by a slowly increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments.The PAHs in the sediments were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs,suggesting that the primary source of PAHs was low- and moderate temperature combustion processes.However,both the significant increase in high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in the upper sediments and the vertical profile of diagnostic ratios pointed out a change in the sources of PAHs from low-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion.The ecotoxicological assessment based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines implied that potential adverse biological impacts were possible for benzo(ghi)perylenelene and most LMW PAHs.In addition,the total BaP equivalent quotient of seven carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BaA,CHr,BbF,BkF,BaP,DBA and INP) was 106.1 ng/g,according to the toxic equivalency factors.Although there was no great biological impact associated with the HMW PAlls,great attention should be paid to these PAH components based on their rapid increase in the upper sediments.     

Complete catalytic oxidation of o-xylene over Ce02 nanocubes

The activities of CeO2 nanocubes calcined at different temperatures were tested for catalytic oxidation of o-xylene. Using CeO2 nanocubes as catalysts, complete catalytic oxidation of o-xylene was achieved below 210℃. The CeO2 nanomaterials were characterized by means of BET, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). From the TEM images, all Ce02 nanocubes displayed cubic morphology irrespective of calcination temperature. The HRTEM images revealed that these nanocubes were enclosed by reactive {001}planes, which may contribute to the intrinsically catalytic property of o-xylene oxidation. The higher activity of Ce02 nanocubes calcined at 550℃ than those calcined at above 550℃ was attributed to their smaller crystallite size and larger surface area. The influences of reaction conditions were also studied, which found that a higher reaction temperature was necessary for complete catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at higher weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) and o-xylene concentration.     

偶氮染料分子结构对其生物脱色影响的研究进展

偶氮染料是工业中染料用量最大的一类,不同的分子结构对其微生物脱色性能具有一定的影响作用。文章综述了偶氮染料分子结构中的取代基种类及其取代位置对染料的脱色规律,以及分子特征结构对微生物脱色的量化分析。对目前染料生物脱色规律研究中存在的问题进行了分析,提出相应的对策措施。     

不同波长紫外光催化降解活性艳蓝KN-R动力学研究

以蒽醌类染料活性艳蓝KN-R(以下简称KN-R)为对象,以TiO2为光催化剂,实验了不同波段紫外光条件下KN-R的降解过程。结果表明:365 nm和254 nm两种波段对于KN-R的光催化降解过程均符合假一级动力学方程,但是通过对比各初始浓度下活性艳红KN-R的反应速率常数(Kapp)可以发现,在相同紫外灯功率下,短波辐射下的Kapp平均为长波辐射下Kapp的3倍,说明短波紫外更有利于活性艳蓝KN-R的降解。     

土壤阴离子表面活性剂总量亚甲基蓝法研究

文章通过设计正交试验,针对提取的主要因素提取液配比、提取时间、提取温度和提取剂用量确定最优的前处理方法,建立与国标《水质阴离子表面活性剂亚甲基蓝分光光度法》(GB7494-87)对应的土壤阴离子表而活性剂(LAS)的亚甲基蓝分光光度法.土壤样品烘干后经20 mL乙醇水溶液(70％)提取,水浴恒温振荡仪45℃下振荡2h,...     

天津市城区夏季VOCs来源解析

对天津市气象铁塔处连续8天的(2010年8月19 日[-2010年8月26日)VOCs检测数据的分析与研究,采样频次为每日5次,采样时间从7:00至23:00,采样间隔2～3h,定量检测了 103种挥发性有机物.利用美国环保署正交矩阵因子(PMF)模型对天津市中心城区挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行了解析,共解析出5个可能...     

地表水中石油类的测定及探讨

文章对影响地表水中石油类测定结果的因素进行探讨。通过克服这些影响因素,提高测定结果的准确性。并由实验证明,直接萃取法的检出限也能达到0.01 mg/L,满足这类低浓度石油类水样的测定。