生物流化床处理垃圾渗滤液的硝化强化实验研究

采用厌氧/好氧/硝化耦合生物流化床反应器处理高浓度难降解垃圾渗滤液,通过摇瓶富集与开放体系扩大培养得到高浓度的硝化菌液,用于硝化生物流化床反应器的挂膜启动、驯化与动态运行实验。结果表明,扩培菌液中亚硝化细菌与硝化细菌的浓度分别达到9 .0×107 和3. 5×107 MPN/mL。硝化生物流化床的强化挂膜启动与驯化约历时30d,实际废水动态运行的结果显示,当进水垃圾渗滤液平均氨氮浓度为284 .4mg/L时,出水氨氮浓度为14. 3mg/L,达到了GB16889 1997一级排放标准,经过硝化生物强化的流化床反应器处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液的硝化速率高达28. 1gNH+4 N/m3·h,与未经生物强化的同类系统相比高出近1倍。     

Chemically Functionalized Plant Fibers and Carbon Nanotubes for High Compatibility and Reinforcement in Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composite

In this study, surface modification is used to improve the compatibility of Kenaf fibers (KFs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix, as well as to enhance the mechanical properties. Through the use of a silane coupling agent, the KF is grafted with functional groups to generate a chemical bond with the PLA; the modified KF shows high compatibility in the PLA matrix. Compared to the bare PLA, the optimal KF/MWCNT/PLA composite (PC1F30-OX) shows increases of 58% in tensile strength, and 113% in impact strength. A small addition of MWCNTs (1 wt%) dramatically improves the antistatic ability by lowering the surface resistance to 3.47 GΩ. With the addition of hydrophilic KF into the PLA, the composite becomes much more environmentally friendly, and the biodegradation rate can be controlled by the amount of KF added. The addition of hydrophilic KF allowed the composite to accommodate more enzyme to hasten the biodegradation; almost complete decomposition occurred after 11 weeks.     

低透气性突出煤层群首采层掏心无煤柱开采卸压消突与瓦斯治理试验研究

针对深井高瓦斯低透气性突出煤层群消突和首采层开采卸压瓦斯治理难题,以谢桥煤矿11426工作面开采为例,设计首采中间层无煤柱开采、实现上下突出煤层均消突的技术方案,研究了Y型通风工作面采空区瓦斯及风压分布规律,结合煤层群开采巷道布置条件,提出并实施留巷侧井下暗立眼回风阶段留巷Y型通风技术,强化留巷墙体封闭和留巷采空侧回风立眼封闭等卸压瓦斯抽采技术,实现了深井煤层群首采层工作面的安全高效回采和邻近突出煤层的全面消突。11426工作面回采期间,绝对瓦斯涌出量最大47.67 m3/min,工作面瓦斯抽采率高达65%以上,研究成果为今后类似深井煤层群开采的卸压瓦斯抽采和治理提供技术指导。     

基于元胞自动机的换乘枢纽车站人员安全疏散研究

换乘枢纽车站人员疏散要求不明确具体,仿真研究使其在设计阶段可进行安全评估。结合突发事件下人员的行为特征,基于元胞自动机模型,综合分析人员与环境、人员自身之间的交互。依据已有地铁设计规范,模拟某虚拟车站高峰期人员疏散过程。仿真结果显示:站厅层安全隐患较小,而站台层存在一定安全隐患,通过改变工作人员位置,可改善疏散效率。     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的煤矸山周边农用地土壤重金属健康风险评估

以重庆市煤矸山周边农用地土壤为研究对象,运用内梅罗指数、地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数分析土壤重金属污染水平,并采用蒙特卡罗模拟的健康风险模型,探析研究区土壤重金属对人体的健康风险.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn含量均值超重庆市土壤背景值,地累积指数（I_geo）表现为：Cd>Hg>Cu>As>Ni>Zn>Cr>Pb;内梅罗指数表明土壤以轻污染（1<P_N≤2）为主,各重金属污染指数（P_i）表现为：Cd>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>As>Pb>Hg;潜在生态风险指数表明土壤以中等生态风险（150≤RI<300）为主,各重金属生态风险指数（E_rⁱ）表现为：Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cr>Zn.土壤健康风险表明,儿童和成人非致癌健康风险可忽略,但存在可耐受致癌健康风险,综合致癌风险指数（TCR）均值分别为1.04E-5和3.94E-6,主要致癌因子为As和Cd.敏感性分析表明非致癌健康风险土壤颗粒摄入速率（R_ingest）敏感性最高,其次是As含量,致癌健康风险土壤颗粒摄入速率As含量敏感性最高,其次是土壤颗粒摄入速率（R_ingest）.整体上儿童非致癌和致癌健康风险高于成人.     

浅析公路建设项目环评中的景观影响评价

公路建设占用土地,破坏植被,同时路基对沿线自然环境的割裂作用,使所在地区内动植物数代生存的空间被分割,影响种群繁衍及生物多样性,这些都将给公路通过区域的景观环境造成不利影响。本文阐述了公路建设项目环评中的景观影响评价的定义、目的、方法和评价工作程序及内容,以工程实例分析了公路建设对景观环境的影响,并提出减缓措施。     

环境中土霉素残留去除方法研究进展

土霉素是一种应用极为广泛的广谱抗生素。近年来,由于其在畜禽养殖业中的大量应用而导致的环境污染问题已经引起全世界的广泛关注。我国是土霉素消费大国,其污染问题更是亟待解决。综述了国内外对环境中残留土霉素的物理化学及生物处理方法,对处理机制及去除效果进行分析。并针对研究现状提出了今后的研究方向。     

Fate and degradation of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment process

In order to explore the biodegradation behavior of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment processing, two full-scale wastewater treatment plants were investigated and batch biodegradation experiments were conducted. The biodegradation pathways under the various operational conditions were identified from batch experiments: shortening of ethoxy-chains dominated under the anaerobic condition, whereas oxidizing of the terminal alcoholic group prevailed over the other routes under the aerobic condition. Results showed that the anoxic condition could accelerate the biodegradation rates of nonylphenolic compounds, but had no influence on the biodegradation pathway. The biodegradation rates of nonylphenol (NP) and short-chain nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs, n: number of ethoxy units) increased from the anaerobic condition, then the anoxic, finally to the aerobic condition, while those of long-chain NPnEOs and nonylphenoxy carboxylates (NPECs) seemed similar under the various conditions. Under every operational condition, long-chain NPnEOs showed the highest biodegradation activity, followed by NPECs and short-chain NPnEOs, whereas NP showed relatively recalcitrant characteristics especially under the anaerobic condition. In addition, introducing sulfate and nitrate to the anaerobic condition could enhance the biodegradation of NP and short-chain NPnEOs by supplying more positive redox potentials.     

海西城市群灰霾天气特征及其影响因子分析

利用2005-2010年海西21个城市常规气象观测资料和大气污染物浓度资料,分析了灰霾的时空分布规律和主要影响因子。结果表明:各城市间灰霾发生总天数存在明显差异,两个高发区在以福州、漳州为代表的闽中、闽南地区,少发区位于闽东北。1-4月是灰霾的高发期,10-12月是次高发期;春季霾日最多,其次是冬季,夏季和秋季较少。灰霾的产生不仅与天气条件有关,还与城市地形、大气复合污染有关。受低涡锋面、台风等降水系统影响,不会出现灰霾,非降水天气系统下均有可能出现,其中在锋前暖区和地面倒槽影响下灰霾出现率最高。秋冬季灰霾的出现与冷空气的强弱有关;春季与西南暖湿气流的强弱有关,夏季与副热带高压的进退有关。