基于郑州地铁下穿南水北调干渠的Peck公式反演分析

土压平衡盾构隧道下穿通水运行中的南水北调工程,在国内尚属首例。以郑州地铁城郊线土压平衡盾构隧道下穿南水北调中线干渠区间实测数据为依据,将Peck公式法运用于隧道下穿南水北调工程引起的地表沉降预测研究中,利用反演分析法,通过引入最大沉降量修正系数j和沉降槽宽度修正系数k,结合实测数据对Peck公式进行修正,得出适用于郑州地区相似工程的Peck公式,并根据现场实际情况,对不同埋深条件下地表沉降规律进行研究。结果表明:引入最大沉降量修正系数j和沉降槽宽度修正系数k对Peck公式进行改进后,能够获得较准确的地表沉降预测曲线,证明了Peck公式法在隧道下穿南水北调工程引起的地表沉降预测研究中的适用性;在其他条件均相同的情况下,随着隧道埋深的增加,地表最大沉降量逐渐减小,沉降槽宽度逐渐增大。     

自吸式文丘里洗涤器雾化液滴尺寸影响因素的实验研究

为研究雾化液滴尺寸对自吸式文丘里洗涤效率的影响,从喉部气速、液面高度差以及文丘里扩散段结构等方面,研究了自吸式文丘里洗涤器雾化液滴平均直径(D_(32))的变化规律,并与Boll模型对D_(32)的预测值进行了对比。研究表明,随着喉部气速的增加,D_(32)的实验值和预测值均呈逐渐减小的趋势,且预测值略小于实验值。另外,液面高度差的增加会导致D_(32)的减小,当气相速度增大时,D_(32)加速减小。研究发现,当喉部气速大于54.6 m/s时,A_1挡板对液相流体具有更好的雾化效果,当喉部气速小于54.6 m/s时,在环形挡板内径为46～54 mm之间存在一个最佳内径,使得雾化液滴平均直径最小,文丘里洗涤器达到最佳雾化效果。     

考虑车辆类型变化的中国乘用车排放特征

通过引入Lotka-Volterra模型预测了中国未来30年的乘用车竞争趋势;通过引入CHG、VOC、CO、SO₂、PM_2.5、NO_x6类污染物更新了全生命周期清单;并据此建立了政策影响模型和敏感性模型评估电动化、轻量化和清洁化政策情景减排效果.结果表明,乘用车市场的主要竞争力来源于新能源与传统能源的竞争,且纯电动与混合动力乘用车呈S型曲线发展,汽油乘用车占比由92%减少到1%;全生命周期中,纯电动乘用车对CHG、VOC、CO减排效益最优,为20%~85%;汽油与天然气乘用车对SO₂和PM_2.5的减排效益最优,为50.0%;3类情景下税收补贴类政策敏感性最强,CHG、VOC和CO的最优减排情景为电气化情景,PM_2.5、NO_x的最优减排情景为清洁化情景,而SO₂的最优减排情景则为整车轻量化.     

Application of a real-ambient fine particulate matter exposure system on different animal models

Simulation of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) exposure is essential for evaluating adverse health effects. In this work, an ambient exposure system that mimicked real atmospheric conditions was installed in Taiyuan, China to study impacts of chronic PM_2.5 exposure on adult and aged mice as well as Sirtuin3 knockout (Sirt3 KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. The real-ambient exposure system eliminated the possible artificial effects caused from exposure experiments and maintained the physiochemical characteristics of PM_2.5. The case studies indicated that aged mice exhibited apparent heart dysfunction involving increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure after 17-week of real-ambient PM_2.5 exposure. Meanwhile, 15-week of real-ambient PM_2.5 exposure decreased the heart rate and amounts of associated catecholamines to induce heart failure in Sirt3 KO mice. Additionally, the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased platelet related indices suggested that inflammation occurred. The changes of biomarkers detected by targeted metabolomics confirmed metabolic disorder in WT and Sirt3 KO mice after exposed to real-ambient PM_2.5. These results indicated that the real-ambient PM_2.5 exposure system could evaluate the risks of certain diseases associated with air pollution and have great potential for supporting the investigations of PM_2.5 effects on other types of rodent models.     

Influence of drying and calcination temperatures for Ce-Cu-Al trimetallic composite catalyst on simultaneous removal H2S and PH3: Experimental and DFT studies

This work explored the influences of the drying and calcination temperatures on a Ce-Cu-Al trimetallic composite catalyst for the simultaneous removal of H₂S and PH₃. The effects of both temperatures on the structural features and activity were examined. The density functional theory method was used to calculate adsorption energies and further analyze their adsorption behavior on different slabs. Experiments revealed suitable drying and calcination temperatures to be 60 and 500°C, respectively. The capacity reached 323.8 and 288.1 mg/g. Adjusting drying temperature to 60°C is more inclined to form larger and structured grains of CuO. Rising calcinating temperature to 500°C could increase the grain size and redox capacity of CuO to promote performance. Higher temperatures would destroy the surface structure and lead to a crystal phase transformation, which was that the CuO and Al₂O₃ were gradually recombined into CuAl₂O₄ with a spinel structure. The exposed crystal planes of surficial CuO and CuAl₂O₄ were determined according to characterization results. Calculation results showed that, compared with CuO (111), H₂S and PH₃ have weaker adsorption strength on CuAl₂O₄ (100) which is not conducive to their adsorption and removal.     

燃烧生成棕色碳的三维荧光光谱分析

模拟燃烧11 种常见物质(秸杆、木材、煤和生活垃圾等),并收集烟气中可溶于甲醇的有机产物,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和三维荧光光谱(EEMs)对收集的甲醇可溶性有机物(MSOM)进行表征.进一步,结合非负矩阵分解法(NMF)提取三维荧光光谱主要组分的特征激发/发射光谱,根据荧光信号轮廓差异对不同种类物质进行区分,旨在建立棕色碳溯源依据.结果显示,秸杆和木材燃烧源棕色碳在紫外-可见吸收光谱上呈现相似的谱形,均在265nm处存在肩峰;瓦楞纸板和塑料燃烧源棕色碳的吸收则随波长增加单一下降.由于基本组分相同,各生物质及纸板对应的棕色碳的EEM有着相似的轮廓,NMF解析结果表明,生物质和纸板的MSOM存在3种主要荧光组分,分别为两种类腐殖质C1、C2和类蛋白质C3;煤的EEM在长波处有较强的分布,可归因于芳香类基团,由其EEM分解出M1、M2和M3荧光团,三者位置均较生物质红移.根据荧光团位置以及光谱信号轮廓特征,可对生物质和煤进行区分;泡沫、塑料袋和塑料瓶属于有机高分子材料,其EEM与生物质有较大的差别,且三者之间也存在差异,泡沫和塑料袋的MSOM含有4种荧光成分,而从塑料瓶的MSOM中只可得到两种荧光团,特征明显.     

Comparative lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and their reduction potential for typical petrochemical enterprises in China

Petrochemical enterprises have become a major source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, due to the unavailability of basic data, there is still a lack of case studies to quantify GHG emissions and provide petrochemical enterprises with guidelines for implementing energy conservation and emission reduction strategies. Therefore, this study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis to estimate the GHG emissions of four typical petrochemical enterprises in China, using first-hand data, to determine possible emission reduction measures. The analytical data revealed that Dushanzi Petrochemical (DSP) has the highest GHG emission intensity (1.17 tons CO₂e/ton), followed by Urumqi Petrochemical (UP) (1.08 tons CO₂e/ton), Dalian Petrochemical (DLP) (average 0.58 tons CO₂e/ton) and Karamay Petrochemical (KP) (average 0.50 tons CO₂e/ton) over the whole life cycle. At the same time, GHG emissions during fossil fuel combustion were the largest contributor to the whole life cycle, accounting for about 77.31%–94.27% of the total emissions. In the fossil-fuel combustion phase, DSP had the highest unit GHG emissions (1.20 tons CO₂e), followed by UP (0.89 tons CO₂e). In the industrial production phase, DLP had the highest unit GHG emissions (average 0.13 tons CO₂e/ton), followed by UP (0.10 tons CO₂e/ton). During the torch burning phase, torch burning under accident conditions was the main source of GHG emissions. It is worth noting that the CO₂ recovery stage has "negative value," indicating that it will bring some environmental benefits. Further scenario analysis shows that effective policies and advanced technologies can further reduce GHG emissions.     

Ce改性钒磷氧催化剂的制备及其脱硝性能研究

采用Ce调控负载型钒磷氧（VPO/TiO₂）催化剂的表面酸性并与之形成密切相关的微观结构,研究催化剂VPO-Ce/TiO₂的脱硝性能.结果表明,当P/V为1/3、Ce/V为1/4、活性组分负载量10%、催化剂焙烧温度为400℃时,催化剂的脱硝活性最好,反应温度250~350℃范围内的脱硝率高于96.0%.BET测试结果表明,催化剂0.1VP（0.33）O-Ce（0.25）/TiO₂的比表面积为10.74m²/g,较0.1VP（0.33）O/TiO₂提高了约58.6%.0.1VP（0.33）O/TiO₂表面化学吸附氧（O_α）和晶格氧（O_β）的比例O_α/O_β为72%,掺杂Ce后O_α/O_β升高至85%,Ce掺杂还能促进相邻V⁵⁺和V⁴⁺的形成,提高催化剂的氧化还原性能.Ce掺杂对催化剂的表面酸性影响较大,当Ce/V为1/4时催化剂表面Brønsted酸最强,这与活性测试相吻合.控制烟气中SO₂和水蒸气的体积浓度分别为200×10^-6和4vol.%,催化剂的脱硝活性在150~300℃温度范围内最高下降约15.8%,当温度高于300℃时催化剂的脱硝活性几乎不下降,且反应后的催化剂表面无硫酸根生成,催化剂呈现出较强的抗SO₂和水蒸汽的性能.     

Monitoring biofouling based on aerobic respiration in reverse osmosis system

A monitoring method of biofouling in reverse osmosis (RO) system was proposed based on the fluorescent signal of resorufin, which is reduced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide released from viable cells during aerobic respiration. The fluorescent signal of resorufin reduced by planktonic cells and microorganisms of biofilm showed linearity, indicating its feasibility to monitor biofouling in a RO system. For the application of the method to the lab-scale RO system, the injection concentration of resazurin and the injection flow rate were optimized. Biofilm on RO membranes continuously operated in a lab-scale RO system was estimated by resorufin fluorescence under optimized detection condition. As a result, resorufin fluorescence on RO membrane showed a significant increase in which the permeability of RO system decreased by 30.48%. Moreover, it represented the development of biofilm as much as conventional biofilm parameters such as adenosine triphosphate, extracellular polymeric substances, and biofilm thickness. The proposed method could be used as a sensitive and low-cost technology to monitor biofouling without autopsy of membranes.