金盆水库沉积物铁锰释放规律

针对分层型水库周期性厌氧问题,金盆水库利用人工强制混合充氧技术补充底部水体溶解氧,抑制沉积物中还原性污染物的释放.但受水库地形地貌的影响,人工强制混合充氧效率存在一定差异性,在曝气系统运行结束后部分较深区域上覆水体溶解氧迅速耗竭,导致污染物的再次释放.为探究铁锰在该条件下的释放规律及扩散强度,选取主库区代表性采样点,对沉积物间隙水及上覆水溶解态铁锰浓度分布进行测定,并计算沉积物-水界面处溶解态铁锰的扩散通量.结果表明,人工强制混合充氧结束后地势较低区域底部水体迅速进入厌氧状态,导致大量溶解态锰释放进入上覆水体,浓度最高达0.42mg·L~(-1);而地势较高区域底部水体短暂进入缺氧状态,之后溶解氧浓度迅速回升,因此底部溶解态锰浓度升高幅度较小,浓度最高为0.17mg·L~(-1).沉积物间隙水-上覆水铁锰浓度分布结果表明,由于铁锰氧化还原电位的差异,溶解态锰相较于铁在厌氧条件下更容易释放进入上覆水体,且不断在表层沉积物及上覆水体中积聚,而溶解态铁的释放不仅受溶解氧的抑制,还受锰氧化物等其他氧化剂的抑制.由扩散通量计算可知,人工强制混合充氧结束后溶解态锰的扩散通量有降低趋势.由质量平衡计算可知,溶解态锰在厌氧层中的积聚不仅与扩散通量有关,还与沉降通量、厌氧层厚度有关,因此厌氧层中铁锰的生物地球化学循环作用有待进一步的研究.     

黄浦江表层水体中有机氯农药的分布特征

用双柱GC-ECD对黄浦江表层水体中的20种有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了分析,水体中ρ(OCPs)为87.28～148.97 ng/L,含量较高的组分有β-BHC,δ-BHC,α-BHC,4,4′-DDT和七氯等,ρ(BHCs)高于ρ(DDTs),分别为42.13～75.47和3.83～20.90 ng/L.组分分布特征表明,水体中BHCs主要为环境中的早期残留,在淀峰断面显示近期输入特征;水体中DDTs显示近期输入特征.高平潮时ρ(OCPs)低于低平潮,高平潮时大量长江水的涌入对黄浦江水体中的有机氯农药起到一定的稀释作用.水体中有机氯农药呈现较明显的季节性变化,丰水期含量高于枯水期,丰水期农田径流和土壤剥蚀作用的加强是导致水体中ρ(OCPs)升高的重要原因,说明黄浦江水体中有机氯农药的来源具有面源特征;水温升高加强了沉积物中有机氯农药的二次释放与其他地区相比较,黄浦江表层水体中ρ(OCPs)较低,ρ(DDTs)和ρ(BHCs)均未超过地表水环境质量标准限值.      

复合式膜生物反应器处理城市污水及回用的特性研究

在以复合式膜生物反应器系统为基础,以模拟城市污水为处理对象。通过运行条件优化研究,系统获得了良好的出水水质,出水中SS、浊度及色度均未检出;出水中有机污染物和N、P的平均浓度分别为COD≤16.32 mg/L、BOD5≤3.45mg/L、NH3-N≤0.75 mg/L、TN≤10.13 mg/L、TP≤1.08 mg/L,其相应的平均去除率分别为≥95.58%、≥98.91%、≥97.19%、≥71.71%、≥71.31%,各项水质指标的去除率明显高于传统生物处理工艺。优良的出水完全能满足城市生活杂用对水质的要求。     

垃圾在流化床中燃烧的特性

在一台特别设计的小型流化床燃烧实验台上对垃圾可燃物代表组分进行实验研究 .结果表明 ,干燥的垃圾在床温仅为 50 0℃就能在很短的时间内迅速燃烧 ,产生明亮的火焰 .在本实验条件下 ,床温没有因为实验组分的加入而下降 ,而是随着垃圾的迅速燃烧而急剧升温 ,床温提高 30～ 70℃不等 .垃圾在流化床中燃烧受多种因素的影响 ,并讨论了当物料形状 (整或碎 )、含水量、实验风量 (从 5.5m³/h到 7.5m³/h)等因素变化后对于燃烧气体成分及炉内温度的影响 .在本实验条件下 ,当物料剪碎后会引起炉内温度水平明显提高 ,并使得CO排放量略有下降 .物料含水量增加时会导致炉内温度水平明显下降 .实验风量提高时 ,CO排放量明显减少 .     

人工湿地在中小城镇污水处理中的应用

近些年,随着城镇的发展及人口的不断扩大,城镇污水排放量也在不断增加。因而,加强城镇水污染治理工作,大力发展中小城镇污水处理已经刻不容缓。在系统分析中小城镇污水排放特点及处理现状的基础上,将具有投资低、耗能低、操作简单及高效处理率等优点的人工湿地生态处理技术作为中小城镇污水处理的首选技术,并结合实例说明人工湿地在解决中小城镇污水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

河南省畜禽养殖污染调查及时空特征分析研究

根据2003年-2012年河南省统计年鉴相关数据和各种估算参数,对河南省2003年-2012年18个地级市五个畜种——生猪、肉牛、奶牛、蛋鸡、肉鸡的污染物排放总量及其污染物排放负荷进行调查分析,以期为河南省畜禽养殖污染的综合治理工作提供科学依据。研究结果表明:河南省2003年-2012年间污染物排放整体呈现平稳状态,2007年波动较大;五个主要畜种中,肉牛的污染物排放平均负荷最大为48.15%,其次为生猪39.70%,肉鸡8.67%,奶牛2.65%,蛋鸡0.83%;不同地区中以南阳市污染物排放量最大,其次是驻马店市,周口市,商丘市,信阳市,五市的COD、总氮、总磷排放量分别占到了全省相应污染物排放总量的54.49%,52.36%和48.51%。     

Community structures and population dynamics of “Candidatus Accumulibacter” in activated sludges of wastewater treatment plants using ppk1 as phylogenetic marker

Candidatus Accumulibacter has been identified as dominant polyphosphate-accumulating organisms(PAOs) in enhanced biological phosphorus(P) removal(EBPR) from wastewater.This study revealed the relevance of community structure, abundance and seasonal population dynamics of Candidatus Accumulibacter to process operation of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) in China using ppk1 gene as phylogenetic marker. All sludge samples had properties of denitrifying P removal using nitrate as an electron acceptor.Accumulibacter abundance in the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic(A~2O) process was the highest(26%of total bacteria), and higher in winter than in summer with a better EBPR performance.Type-II was the dominant Accumulibacter in all processes, and type-I accounted for a small proportion of total Accumulibacter. The abundance of Clade-IIC as the most dominant clade reached 2.59 × 10~9 cells/g MLSS and accounted for 87.3% of total Accumulibacter. Clade IIC mainly contributed to denitrifying P removal. Clades IIA, IIC and IID were found in all processes, while clade-IIF was only found in oxidation ditch process through phylogenetic analysis. High proportion of clade IID to total Accumulibacter led to poor performance of aerobic P-uptake in inverted A~2O process. Therefore, Accumulibacter clades in WWTPs were diverse, and EBPR performance was closely related to the clade-level community structures and abundances of Accumulibacter.     

太原市环境空气中挥发性芳香烃碳同位素组成及来源

利用Tenax TA吸附管采集太原市不同排放源及不同功能区环境空气样品,色谱-质谱、同位素质谱联用技术测定了其挥发性芳香烃化合物的碳同位素组成,并分析了其组成特征.结果表明,柴油挥发源、汽油挥发源、溶剂挥发源、机动车尾气源和民用燃煤源排放的挥发性芳香烃化合物中稳定碳同位素值(δ~(13)C)测定范围依次为:(-30. 79±0. 98)‰～(-29. 10±0. 14)‰、(-30. 96±0. 88)‰～(-28. 02±1. 77)‰、(-32. 13±0. 59)‰～(-27. 67±0. 49)‰、(-27. 58±0. 16)‰～(-25. 50±0. 75)‰和(-25. 14±0. 93)‰～(-23. 44±1. 32)‰,民用燃煤源显著富集13C.仅在民用燃煤源排放烟气中检出苯乙烯,δ~(13)C值为(-23. 44±1. 32)‰.太原市4个不同功能区采样分析显示,居民交通混合区环境空气中挥发性芳香烃的δ~(13)C值为(-25. 61±2. 20)‰～(-23. 91±0. 78)‰,较其他区域富集13C;工业区δ~(13)C检测值为(-29. 15±1. 06)‰～(-24. 53±1. 07)‰,较其他区域贫13C.将环境空气中挥发性芳香烃δ~(13)C值与排放源δ~(13)C值比较可发现,太原市4个环境空气点位的挥发性芳香烃主要来源是机动车尾气源和民用燃煤源,工业区受溶剂挥发影响较大.     

稻壳灰对抗生素磺胺的吸附特性研究

研究了稻壳灰(rice husk ash,RHA)在改变初始投加量、振荡温度及频率、溶液pH值等不同条件下,对水溶液中磺胺的吸附特性随吸附时间的变化及吸附动力学,并对吸附磺胺前后的RHA进行了SEM和FTIR表征.结果表明,RHA对磺胺的吸附特性受RHA的投加量、振荡温度及振荡频率和溶液pH等因素的影响.在本实验范围内(0.1~2.0 g·L-1),最佳吸附温度为25℃,RHA的投加量越多,磺胺的去除效率越高,吸附达到平衡所需时间越短,且平衡吸附量越低;RHA质量浓度较高时需提高振荡频率以保证吸附效果;强酸、强碱均有利于磺胺的吸附.由吸附动力学分析可知,对于较高的RHA投加量(≥1.0g·L-1),其吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,受控于物理化学吸附.粒子内扩散模型分析可得吸附过程受膜扩散、内扩散的共同控制,且吸附剂RHA的浓度越高,膜扩散控制作用越明显.SEM及FTIR图谱均表明RHA对磺胺产生了有效的吸附.     

Impact of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the sediment-water interface

As a diagenetic progress, bioturbation influences solute exchange across the sediment-water interface (SWI). Different benthic animals have various mechanical activities in sediment, thereby they may have different effects on solute exchange across the SWI. This laboratory study examined the impacts of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the SWI. Tubificid worms and Chironomidae larvae were introduced as model organisms which, based on their mechanical activities, belong to upward-conveyors and gallery-diffusers, respectively. The microcosm simulation study was carried out with a continuous flow culture system, and all sediment, water, and worms and larvae specimens were sampled from Taihu Lake, China. To compare their bioturbation effects, the same biomass (17.1 g wet weight (ww)/m2) was adopted for worms and larvae.Worms altered no oxygen penetration depth in sediment, while larvae increased the O2 penetration depth, compared to the control treatment. Their emergence also enhanced sediment O2 uptake. The oxidation of ferrous iron in pore water produced ferric iron oxyhydroxides that adsorbed soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the overlying water and pore water. Larvae built obviously oxidized tubes with about 2 mm diameter and the maximum length of 6 cm in sediment, and significantly decreased ferrous iron and SRP in the pore water compared to the control and worms treatments. Worms constructed no visually-oxidized galleries in the sediment in contrast to larvae, and they did not significantly alter SRP in the pore water relative to the control treatment. The adsorption of ferric iron oxyhydroxides to SRP caused by worms and larvae inhibited SRP release from sediment. Comparatively, worms inhibited more SRP release than larvae based on the same biomass, as they successively renewed the ferric iron oxyhydroxides rich oxidation layer through their deposition.