四川酸雨的综合防治对策研究

本文在四川酸雨来源、成因、危害的基础上，结合国内外酸雨防治的经验，确定了四川酸雨的主要控制因子、控制目标和致酸污染物的削减率。针对四川的特点，提出了控制四川酸雨的战略和工程措施，为四川的经济发展、城市建设与环境保护等的规划、决策提供了科学依据。     

菲胁迫下湿生植物美人蕉(Canna indica)对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)生长的影响

多环芳烃有机污染物的环境问题日益严重,亟待需求从群落及生态系统的角度进行毒理学复合危害效应的研究。本文采用以美人蕉(Canna indica)种植根区水培养斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的方式,观察菲胁迫下其生长的变化。结果表明,美人蕉种植根区水对斜生栅藻生长具有化感效应,且表现为"低促高抑"的现象。而在菲胁迫下,种植根区水比例为15%和30%时随着菲浓度的增加,生长促进作用增强,且在菲浓度为1 mg·L-1出现最高值;在100%种植根区水时随着菲浓度的增加生长抑制作用增强。说明,菲胁迫使美人蕉种植根区水对藻类的化感效应增强。进行逻辑斯谛生长拟合发现,30%、1 mg·L-1处理组种群内禀增长率最高,斜生栅藻种群出现暴发增长的生态风险最大。     

一种处理烟气的新方法：脉冲电晕等离子法

脉冲电晕等离子法烟气脱硝是近年来发展起来的一种物理和化学相结合高新技术，具有广阔的应用前景。本文介绍了脉冲电晕等离子法的电源和电极结构，阐明了此法烟气脱过脱硝的原理，去除效率及其影响因素，并提出了今后研究的方向和前沿课题。     

Preliminary evaluation of evaluation of the efficiency of aircraft liquid waste treatment using resolvable sanitizing liquid: a case study in Changchun

The physical, chemical, and biological indices of aircraft liquid wastes collected from multiple airplanes at Longjia Airport, Changchun, China were measured according to "Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard," evaluating treatment efficiency of resolvable sanitizing liquid. The results indicate that, after being treated by the resolvable sanitizing liquid, the indices of all first-class pollutants met the requirements of the standard, while among the second-class pollutants, the suspension content, biochemical oxygen demand after 5 days, and chemical oxygen demand as well as the contents of amino nitrogen, total phosphorus, anionic surfactants, total copper, absorbable organic halogen, and phenolic compounds did not reach the discharge standard. Particularly, the level of fecal coliform bacteria in the aircraft liquid wastes can meet the standard specification by adding more than 1 mL/L resolvable sanitizing liquid. The aircraft wastewater treated by resolvable sanitizing liquid cannot be directly discharged back into the environment as well as urban drainage systems.     

Soil calcium significantly promotes uptake of inorganic arsenic by garland chrysanthemum (ChrysanthemumL coronarium) fertilized with chicken manure bearing roxarsone and its metabolites

Roxarsone (ROX), a widely used feed organoarsenic additive, occurs as itself and its metabolites in animal manure that is commonly land used as fertilizer. Soil property impacts arsenic (As) speciation and bioavailability. Fourteen soils across China were used to conduct culture experiments to investigate As uptake by garland chrysanthemum (ChrysanthemumL coronarium), with the soils fertilized with chicken manure bearing ROX and its metabolites. The results show As(III) was the sole As form in garland chrysanthemum shoots, and As(III) and As(V) occurred in roots. Only inorganic As was detected in all soils when the plants were harvested. Stepwise regression analysis shows soil-exchangeable Ca predominated shoot As(III) concentration (shoot As(III) = 1.60030 soil Ca, R ² = 0.8832***). Therefore, ROX is transferred into the human food chain finally as inorganic As in plants. Application of animal manure bearing ROX and its metabolites is not recommended in Ca-rich soils to avoid excess inorganic As dietary exposure.

     

禽畜粪便减量化处理技术初探

随着中国养殖业的迅速发展,禽畜粪便的排放数量逐年增加。据统计,禽畜粪尿排放量每头牛为55kg/d~65 kg/d,每头猪为3.5 kg/d~11.0 kg/d,每只鸡为0.10 kg/d~0.15 kg/d,每只羊为2.66 kg/d。大量的禽畜粪便不经处理而排入环境,将会对地表水、地下水、土壤和空气造成严重的污染,并危及禽畜本身及人体健康。因此,实现禽畜粪便的减量化、无害化及资源化,防止和消除养殖场粪便的污染及其利用问题的研究,对于生态环境的保护、实施可持续发展战略都具有十分重要的意义。本试验利用日本JST赠送的生态厕所反应装置为试验设备,分别以木屑和木屑与秸秆混合物为微生物载体,对牛粪便进行减量化处理技术研究。旨在为研究中国农业的玉米作物秸秆是否可以替代木屑作为反应过程中的调理剂,达到对禽畜养殖业粪便良好的减量化处理效果,减轻对环境的污染,同时也为中国大量的农作物秸秆寻找另一条资源化利用途径。     

Optimization of ecosystem model parameters using spatio-temporal soil moisture information

Parameters in process-based terrestrial ecosystem models are often nonlinearly related to the water flux to the atmosphere, and they also change temporally and spatially. Therefore, for estimating soil moisture, process-based terrestrial ecosystem models inevitably need to specify spatially and temporally variant model parameters. This study presents a two-stage data assimilation scheme (TSDA) to spatially and temporally optimize some key parameters of an ecosystem model which are closely related to soil moisture. At the first stage, a simplified ecosystem model, namely the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS), is used to obtain the prior estimation of daily soil moisture. After the spatial distribution of 0–10 cm surface soil moisture is derived from remote sensing, an Ensemble Kalman Filter is used to minimize the difference between the remote sensing model results, through optimizing some model parameters spatially. At the second stage, BEPS is reinitialized using the optimized parameters to provide the updated model predictions of daily soil moisture. TSDA has been applied to an arid and semi-arid area of northwest China, and the performance of the model for estimating daily 0–10 cm soil moisture after parameter optimization was validated using field measurements. Results indicate that the TSDA developed in this study is robust and efficient in both temporal and spatial model parameter optimization. After performing the optimization, the correlation (r²) between model-predicted 0–10 cm soil moisture and field measurement increased from 0.66 to 0.75. It is demonstrated that spatial and temporal optimization of ecosystem model parameters can not only improve the model prediction of daily soil moisture but also help to understand the spatial and temporal variation of some key parameters in an ecosystem model and the corresponding ecological mechanisms controlling the variation.     

不同适应温度对镉暴露中大型溞生理和亚细胞水平的作用

虽然水生生物大多是变温动物并且温度对化合物的毒性有非常重要的作用,但生态毒理学实验一般在实验室标准温度(20℃)或者生物最适温度下进行。我们调查了适应温度(20℃、24℃和28℃)对镉暴露(0,20和40μg·L~(-1))中大型溞生理和亚细胞水平的作用,实验终点包括镉的急性毒性(48 h-EC50)、大型溞的21 d存活率、21 d累积繁殖数(21-d CR)、第一次生育时间(time to first brood,TFB)、能量储存、电子转移活性(electron transport system activity,ETS)、热应激蛋白hsp70和金属硫蛋白(MT)。结果显示:适应温度升高时大型溞的镉耐性降低,20℃、24℃和28℃下的48 h-EC50分别为(40.2±9.9)μg·L~(-1)、(15.6±2.7)μg·L~(-1)和(10.7±1.9)μg·L~(-1);28℃下,大型溞21 d存活率分别比对照(20℃,0μg·L~(-1)镉暴露)降低23%(20μg·L~(-1)镉暴露)和87%(40μg·L~(-1)镉暴露)并且大型溞的21 d累积繁殖数(21-d CR)显著降低。大型溞的能量储存随适应温度的升高而降低,24℃和28℃时分别降低了46%和62%(0μg·L~(-1)镉暴露),48%和60%(20μg·L~(-1)镉暴露)、80%和91%(40μg·L~(-1)镉暴露)。而镉浓度只有达到40μg·L~(-1)时,对大型溞的能量储存有明显影响。适应温度和镉暴露对电子转移系统活性(ETS)没有显著影响。28℃的适应温度和40μg·L~(-1)的镉暴露都能诱导大型溞热应激蛋白hsp70和金属硫蛋白(MT)显著上升,但适应温度(20℃~28℃)和镉暴露(0~40μg·L~(-1))的结合对hsp70先诱导后抑制,MT则一直被诱导上升。总之,生物在不同温度下对毒物的反应存在差异,将不同适应温度下的毒性数据整合到生态危险性评价能够保证生物获得更充分的保护;此外,hsp70和MT的变化是环境压力的综合反应,作为某种污染物的生物标志物时需要综合考虑环境因素。     

脉冲等离子法烟气脱硫

采用脉冲等离子法进行烟气脱硫试验,研究了脱硫过程及主要影响因素,结果表明,脉冲等离子法能有效地去除烟气中的二氧化硫,脱硫率可达９７％以上;烟气的湿含量、设备功率及峰值电压对脱硫效率有较大影响,随着它们值的增高,脱硫卒增大;放电电极长度的增加有利于脱硫,但应与功率匹配;烟气停留时间越长,脱硫串越高,二者有函数关系。试验结果为工业性放大提供了基础资料。     

电厂冷却系统对梭幼鱼和对虾仔虾卷载效应的初步探讨

根据青岛电厂运行观测和模拟实验，分析了卷载效应中机械损伤和高温冲击对梭幼鱼和对虾仔虾的危害。研究表明，电厂冷却系统内流速≥２．０ｍ／ｓ，滤网孔径８ｍｍ时，对体长７－１７ｍｍ和２０－３４ｍｍ仔虾的致死率分别为２８．３％－５５．３％和２８．６％－６６．９％；对体长２０－４０ｍｍ梭幼鱼的致死率为６３．４％－７８．８％。卷载致死率与生物的密度、体长及形态特征有关。模拟实验结果为：０．９－１．０５ｍ／ｓ的流