pH和发酵时间对厨余垃圾发酵产乳酸及光学特性的影响

通过间歇实验探讨了在中温、非灭菌条件下,pH和发酵时间对厨余垃圾发酵产乳酸及其光学特性的影响.结果表明,采用非灭菌的厨余垃圾发酵产乳酸,发酵液中还原糖浓度低,pH调节到近中性和偏碱性（pH为6～8）的各组还原糖浓度高于偏酸性组（pH=5和pH=4的对照组）;在控制pH为7时,总乳酸产生速率达到0.59 g·(L·h)^-1,单位挥发性固体的乳酸产量达到0.62 g·g^-1;控制pH为7和8时,以有机碳表示的乳酸分别占发酵液总有机碳的78%和89%;控制pH为8时,L-乳酸是主要的异构体形式,单位挥发性固体L-乳酸产量达到0.48 g·g^-1;响应面分析结果表明,发酵时间在120 h前,随着pH升高和发酵时间的延长,发酵液中L-乳酸浓度增大,120 h后则下降;pH和发酵时间对L-乳酸占总乳酸的比例有明显影响：偏酸性条件(未调pH及pH=5),发酵前120 h,该比例随发酵时间逐渐增大,L-乳酸在总乳酸中的比例达到0.9,其后,则逐渐下降;偏碱性条件下(pH=8),L-乳酸在总乳酸中的比例在整个发酵时间段内都保持在0.86以上,在发酵时间48 h时达到0.93,而在pH中性条件下,该比例在发酵后期显著下降;控制pH为8时,可以同时获得高的乳酸产量和光学纯度.     

内分泌干扰物4-叔丁基苯酚在水中的氯化动力学研究

对典型内分泌干扰物4-叔丁基苯酚（4-TBP）在水中的氯化反应动力学进行了研究.结果发现,在不同HOCl初始浓度和pH条件下,4-TBP能够迅速被氯氧化,4-TBP的氯化反应符合二级反应动力学.表观速率常数k_app与pH值有关,在pH为5和9左右时,k_app分别达到最小值和最大值;对氯化反应中的每一个基元反应的反应速率常数进行了计算, HOCl与4-TBP的酸催化反应及ClO^-与4-TBP反应的速率常数分别为4.99×10⁶　L²·（mol²·min）^-1和1.96×10⁴　L·(mol·min)^-1,而HOCl与4-TBP的反应及HOCl与4-TBP^-的反应较慢,4-TBP^-与ClO^-不发生反应.水处理中氯消毒工艺对4-TBP的降解有一定的影响,在氯投加量为3 mg/L时,4-TBP的半衰期为12.1　min.     

两株溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及其溶藻特性

从富营养化池塘中筛选分离出两株溶藻细菌L7和L18,通过生理生化实验及16SrDNA测序进行鉴定,对其单一以及混合菌液去除铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)的效果进行研究,并考查其溶藻方式。结果表明:菌液的滤液有溶藻效果,溶藻细菌具有间接溶藻特性;细菌需要一定的初始浓度才能有明显的溶藻效果,初始浓度越高,溶藻效果越好;溶藻效果大致趋势为混合菌液>L18>L7;不同生长时期溶藻菌,其滤液的溶藻效果差异很大,衰减期的滤液溶藻效果好于对数生长期和稳定期的;滤液投加体积分数与溶藻效果成正相关;细菌鉴定结果表明,L7为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),L18为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacilluspumilus)。     

氯化镧改性黏土固化湖泊底泥中磷的研究

用氯化镧对14种黏土进行改性并研究了这些改性黏土固化磷的效果.研究了pH对改性高岭土磷吸附率和镧离子溶出的影响.结果表明,通过氯化镧改性,不同黏土的磷固定率由改性前的3%～14%提高到改性后的52%～95%.氯化镧改性高岭土在pH为5时,达到磷吸附率的最大值94.85%,并在pH值4～8范围内,保持较高的磷吸附率（>80%）.在pH>6.5的范围,La³⁺溶出浓度低于0.0178 mg/L.     

复合污染中Triton X-100在膨润土/水界面上的吸附行为

研究了水溶液中膨润土对非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(X-100)的吸附,重点探讨了阳离子表面活性剂CPC、阴离子表面活性剂SDBS、中性无机盐NaCl及温度对膨润土吸附TX-100的影响.结果表明,Na基膨润土吸附TX-100的效果好于Ca基膨润土;低浓度CPC对膨润土吸附TX-100具有增强作用,当CPC初始浓度大于l0000 mg·L-1(平衡浓度Ce约为1CMC)时具有抑制作用,当CPC浓度低于3000 mg·L-1(Ce约为0.03CMC)时,TX-100吸附量与CPC浓度成线性正相关.SDBS能显著降低膨润土对TX-100的吸附,原因是溶液中SDBS与TX-100混合胶束的形成能阻止TX-100与膨润土硅氧表面间的氢键作用及在其表面形成胶束.NaCl的存在可以大大提高膨润土对TX-100的吸附,去除率由56%提高到99%以上.膨润土对TX-100的吸附随温度升高吸附量增大,其吸附热为12.68 kJ·mol-1,标准自由能的减小和熵值的增大是TX-100在膨润土上吸附的推动力.实验结果对用膨润土处理含表面活性剂废水具有一定的理论价值.     

Determination of alkali-labile phosphoprotein phosphorus from fish plasma using the Tb^3＋-tiron complex as a fluorescence probe

A sensitive method based on the fluorescence quenching effect of the Tb^3＋-Tiron complex is proposed for the determination of alkali-labile phosphoprotein phosphorus （ALP） released from fish plasma. The detection limit was 5.4 ng/ml （S/N=2）, and the relative standard deviation of the quenching effect （6 replicates） was 4.6%. The results obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained by the colorimetric assay. The advantages of the present method are its relatively simple detection procedure, the lack of toxic organic solvents, and high sensitivity.     

Particle number size distribution and new particle formation: New characteristics during the special pollution control period in Beijing

New particle formation is a key process in shaping the size distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere.We present here the measurement results of number and size distribution of aerosol particles (10-1...     

Characteristics and recent trends of sulfur dioxide at urban, rural, and background sites in North China: Effectiveness of control measures

SO₂ measurements made in recent years at sites in Beijing and its surrounding areas are performed to study the variations and trends of surface SO₂ at different types of sites in Northern China. The overall average concentrations of SO₂ are (16.8 ± 13.1) ppb, (14.8 ± 9.4) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb at China Meteorological Administration (CMA, Beijing urban area), Gucheng (GCH, relatively polluted rural area, 110 km to the southwest of Beijing urban area), and Shangdianzi (SDZ, clean background area, 100 km to the northeast of Beijing urban area), respectively. The SO₂ levels in winter (heating season) are 4-6 folds higher than those in summer. There are highly significant correlations among the daily means of SO₂ at different sites, indicating regional characteristics of SO₂ pollution. Diurnal patterns of surface SO₂ at all sites have a common feature with a daytime peak, which is probably caused by the downward mixing and/or the advection transport of SO₂-richer air over the North China Plain. The concentrations of SO₂ at CMA and GCH show highly significant downward trends (-4.4 ppb/yr for CMA and -2.4 ppb/yr for GCH), while a less significant trend (-0.3 ppb/yr) is identified in the data from SDZ, reflecting the character of SDZ as a regional atmospheric background site in North China. The SO₂ concentrations of all three sites show a significant decrease from period before to after the control measures for the 2008 Olympic Games, suggesting that the SO₂ pollution control has long-term effectiveness and benefits. In the post-Olympics period, the mean concentrations of SO₂ at CMA, GCH, and SDZ are (14.3 ± 11.0) ppb, (12.1 ± 7.7) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb, respectively, with reductions of 26%, 36%, and 13%, respectively, compared to the levels before. Detailed analysis shows that the differences of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction were not the dominant factors for the significant differences of SO₂ between the pre-Olympics and post-Olympics periods. By extracting the data being more representative of local or regional characteristics, a reduction of up to 40% for SO₂ in polluted areas and a reduction of 20% for regional SO₂ are obtained for the effect of control measures implemented for the Olympic Games.     

洪泽湖沉积物中营养盐和重金属的垂向分布特征研究

为了揭示洪泽湖沉积物中营养盐和重金属的垂向分布特征,2008年6月采集了洪泽湖淮河入湖口附近、湖西和湖心3个柱状沉积物样品.通过测定分析其总氮、总磷、有机质和重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Al、Cr、Hg、Mn、As的垂向分布特征,揭示了营养盐演化规律及重金属污染历史.结果表明,淮河口附近沉积环境受淮河流域影响较大,营养盐中TN、TP、OM的含量分别为390.8～643.7、428.6～538.6、5 194.3～9 164.9 mg.kg-1,Zn、Cd、Al、Fe和Mn受人为影响较小,其余重金属人为影响较大.湖西区沉积环境受淮河及湖西周边城市影响,TN、TP、OM的含量为633.4～2 677.3、480.0～1 115.9、7 140.8～47 849.7 mg.kg-1,TN、OM和重金属污染程度从20世纪70年代末加剧,90年代以来有所改善,As和Cr受流域人类活动影响较大,其余重金属受人为影响较小.湖心来源主要为流域碎屑物质,TN、TP、OM的含量为904.7～1 585.4、526.3～750.1、10 635.6～19 020.6 mg.kg-1,营养盐和重金属相关性显著,垂向分布均相似,含量从底层至表层呈上升趋势.沉积柱中营养盐、重金属元素具有比较一致的污染特征,与洪泽湖流域发展阶段相吻合,洪泽湖沉积环境属于洪水冲刷型堆积模式(Turbidity Flood Model方式).     

水体系中氧氟沙星的光化学降解研究

研究了高压汞灯和氙灯照射下氧氟沙星(OFLX)在蒸馏水、人工海水和天然海水中的光降解过程,探讨了光源、起始浓度、丙酮、表面活性剂等因素对OFLX光化学降解速率的影响.结果表明,OFLX在高压汞灯下的光反应速率比在氙灯下快得多,均符合一级反应动力学过程;在相同光源下,OFLX在海水中降解最快,其次是人工海水;当OFLX初始浓度为2、4、6mg.L-1时,其光解速率常数分别为0.163、0.140和0.132 min-1,随着OFLX初始浓度增大,其光解率降低;不同浓度的丙酮均能促进OFLX光降解的反应,其反应速率常数为0.084 2～0.102 min-1,且光敏效率与丙酮浓度呈正相关关系;然而当十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、吐温-20(TW-20)等表面活性剂的浓度为5 mg.L-1,它们均抑制了水体中OFLX光降解反应的进程.另外,利用金藻8701单种培养进行了OFLX光化学降解前后的毒性试验,表明OFLX光解过程产生风险较高的中间产物,随着光解进行,产物毒性降低.