复合生物反应器中两相微生物硝化特性比较

采用间歇式复合生物反应器处理人工配制的氨氮废水,进水ＮＨ３－Ｎ浓度约为１６０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＨＲＴ为１２ｈ,ＳＲＴ 为０ｄ,Ｎｖ可达０．１５ｇ（Ｌ．ｄ）。重点比较了反应器中附着相和悬浮相微生物的硝化特性。     

Preparation of activated carbon from coconut shell chars in pilot-scale microwave heating equipment at 60 kW

Experiments to prepare activated carbon by microwave heating indicated that microwave energy can decrease reaction temperature, save the energy and shorten processing time remarkably compared to conventional heating, owing to its internal and volumetric heating effects. The above results were based on the laboratory-scale experiments. It is desirable to develop a pilot-scale microwave heating equipment and investigate the parameters with the aim of technological industrialization. In the present study, the components and features of the self-invented equipment were introduced. The temperature rise curves of the chars were obtained. Iodine numbers of the activated carbons all exceed the state standard of China under the following conditions: 25 kg/h charging rate, 0.42 rev/min turning rate of ceramic tube, flow rate of steam at pressure of 0.01 MPa and 40 kW microwave heating power after 60 kW pre-activation for 30 min. Pore structure of the sample obtained at a time point of 46 h, which contained BET surface area, and pore size distributions of micropores and total pores, was tested by nitrogen adsorption at 77K.     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定环境水体中的萘

使用自制的包被原和抗萘多克隆兔抗体,建立了测定环境水体中痕量萘的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附法,并优化了实验条件.工作曲线线性方程为I=8.394logρ+50.21(I为抑制率,ρ为萘的质量浓度),线性范围10~(-3)～10 μg/L内的相关系数为0.985 6,方法灵敏度为0.944 μg/L,检出限为0.250 ng/L,回收率为86.00%～106.00%,批间误差为5.00%～15.00%,批内误差为2.00%～8.00%,与四种结构类似物的交叉率均小于14.0%.     

Fe_3O_4@SiO_2/TiO_2核壳结构纳米颗粒降解TNT溶液

针对TNT炸药废水具有成分复杂、排放量大、有毒等特点,立足于炸药废水在排放前的降解处理,研究开发一种基于核壳结构Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2纳米颗粒的高效、可控回收、无二次污染且成本低的光催化降解方法。利用高温碳还原法和溶胶凝胶法制备了具有核壳结构的Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2纳米颗粒。XRD分析表明,内核Fe3O4呈现磁铁矿特征,表面覆盖的纳米TiO2为锐钛矿型。磁滞回线测试结果显示,复合颗粒的饱和磁化强度为46.5 emu/g,N2吸附-解吸分析结果表明,该颗粒具有典型的介孔结构。使用Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2纳米颗粒在紫外光下对含TNT废水进行降解,降解率达到81.9%,且颗粒的回收率达到88.4%,为实现高效、可控回收、无二次污染光催化-吸附降解TNT奠定了基础。     

Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmiumspeciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3-16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid (from 11.3% to 61.7%) made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal(loid)s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.     

放牧强度季节调控对短花针茅荒漠草原土壤养分的影响

以内蒙古高原荒漠草原亚带短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原为研究对象,设置五个放牧强度季节调控处理和对照处理,对不同处理方式下土壤养分进行研究。结果表明：放牧的季节调控对土壤养分状况有一定的影响。0~10 cm土层全氮、速效氮、NH4-N在各放牧处理下无显著差异（P>0.05）,春季零放牧+夏季重度放牧+秋季适度放牧处理下全氮含量随土层深度的变化无显著差异（P>0.05）,春季零放牧+夏季适度放牧+秋季重度放牧土壤表层全氮高于底层,秋季重度放牧土壤全氮含量有往表层积累趋势。土壤全磷、速效磷含量随土层深度的变化无显著差异（P>0.05）,春季适度放牧+夏季适度放牧+秋季适度放牧下0~10 cm土层全磷、速效磷含量低于其他土层,短期的放牧对草地磷的养分含量无太大的影响。全钾含量在春季零放牧+夏季重度放牧+秋季适度放牧和春季零放牧+夏季适度放牧+秋季适度放牧下无显著差异（P>0.05）。速效钾含量0~10、20~30 cm土层春季零放牧+夏季重度放牧+秋季适度放牧明显高于春季零放牧+夏季适度放牧+秋季适度放牧（P<0.05）,全年载蓄率相同的情况下季节载蓄率的调整能影响钾的有效性。土壤有机质含量在不同放牧处理下较对照区有所增加;在0~10 cm 土层各放牧处理较对照有机质有增加的趋势。速磷与 NH4-N、NO3-N 具有极显著相关关系（P<0.01）,全氮和有机质具有极显著相关关系（P<0.01）。     

烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响研究

结合常规污染物浓度和PM_(2.5)化学组分浓度,分析了2015年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响。结果表明:烟花爆竹燃放会在短时间内造成严重的大气污染,其中对SO2、PM_(2.5)和PM10的影响最为显著。除夕夜间良乡、官园和怀柔3个监测站点的PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值分别达730.5、343.4、762.2μg/m~3,为2月17—25日和3月4—8日(观测期间)平均值的5.2、3.1、7.1倍。烟花爆竹燃放对PM_(2.5)组分中的SO_4~(2-)、K+和Cl-的影响最为显著,除夕夜间监测中心点位的SO_4~(2-)、K~+和Cl~-质量浓度峰值分别达92.2、95.6、57.4μg/m~3,为观测期间平均值的4.5、10.5、6.8倍。烟花爆竹燃放产生的气态前体物和NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH+4、OC等PM_(2.5)二次化学组分在不利的气象条件下会发生化学反应和物理积累,造成PM_(2.5)浓度升高,产生持续性的大气污染。根据各污染物与NH+4的质量浓度比推算得出,除夕、"破五"和元宵节3个时段烟花爆竹燃放对K~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、SO_2和PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率分别为78.4%、61.1%、37.4%、38.7%和30.1%。     

低温1,2,4-TCB降解菌的选育、降解特性及邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶基因表达水平

从长期受1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)污染的地下水中筛选出一株低温寡营养降解菌A2,对A2菌进行革兰氏染色鉴定和16S rDNA鉴定,研究了不同pH、温度、盐度等因素对A2菌降解1,2,4-TCB效果以及对邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶基因表达的影响,并进行了正交实验。结果表明,A2菌为革兰氏阴性短杆细菌,初步鉴定为假单胞菌;在pH值为7、培养温度30℃、盐度0.8%、培养时间6 d时,A2菌对1,2,4-TCB降解效果最好,降解率达到88.14%,同时该条件下邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶基因相对表达水平最高;培养温度为10℃时,A2菌对1,2,4-TCB降解率可达到85.3%,同时邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶基因也有较高的相对表达水平。以上结果说明,将A2菌应用于低温寡营养地下水的生物修复是可能的。     

微波加热再生废弃的净化石油化工废水活性炭

为了对石油化工废水净化处理后的废弃活性炭实现循环利用,提出了在无保护气体和活化气体条件下进行微波加热的方法。主要评估了再生温度和再生时间对再生活性炭的吸附性能和得率的影响。结果表明,在再生温度为600℃,再生时间为15 min时,活性炭的碘吸附能力达到最大值971 mg/g,得率为82.36%。再生活性炭比表面积高达1 028m2/g,总孔体积为1.23 m L/g,平均孔径为4.89 nm。通过废弃活性炭和再生活性炭进行了SEM对比分析,再生活性炭表面杂质减少,孔隙数量明显增多。     

Catalytic pyrolysis of Eupatorium adenophorum by sodium salt

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Eupatorium adenophorum (EA) has been spread widely in China and its increasing number has posed potential threats and damages to the ecosystem and...