电-Fenton法处理制药中间体废水的研究

采用电-Fenton法对麻醉药瑞芬太尼合成过程中的中间体1-苄基-4-氨甲酰基-4-苯胺基哌啶(简称酰胺,AMIDE)模拟废水进行了降解研究,结果表明,在以石墨为阴极、铁为阳极的模式下,当pH为3、电解电压为3 V、投加H_2O_2浓度为10 mmol/L时,室温下电解浓度为20 mg/L的酰胺废水60 min后,酰胺的去除率高于99%,TOC去除60%。通过紫外光谱(UV)、红外光谱(IR)及HPLC检测酰胺的降解产物,说明电-Fenton法能使废水中目标化合物的环结构破坏,快速而完全地转化为小分子,但不能使其全部矿化。本研究可为电-Fenton法在处理该类药物合成废水中的实际应用提供重要的理论依据。     

High prevalence of infections and pathological changes in burbot (Lota lota) from a polluted lake (Lake Mjøsa,Norway)

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exposure to high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affected a fish population in Lake Mjøsa. Lake Mjøsa is known to be contaminated by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a subgroup of brominated flame retardants from local industrial activities. Fish from Lake Losna, a less contaminated lake located close to Lake Mjøsa, was used as reference (control).The sampling of burbot (Lota lota) was carried out between 2005 and 2008. Hepatic levels of POPs were analysed in burbot from the two lakes, and the fish were examined for bacterial- and parasite infection and histopathological changes. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and PBDEs were about 10, 15 and 300 times higher in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to fish from Lake Losna. Mycobacterium salmoniphilum was present in 7% and 35% of the fish from Lake Losna and Lake Mjøsa respectively. Significantly higher number of external and visceral macroscopic lesions, histopathological diffuse changes and granulomas were seen in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to Lake Losna. Furthermore the parasite infection was higher and the hepatic lipid content was significantly lower in burbot from Lake Mjøsa. The results of the present study suggest that the high level of contamination in Lake Mjøsa could have a negative impact on the health status of wild fish inhabiting the lake.     

改性松针对水体中铅(II)的吸附

探讨了改性松针(GXLsp)作为吸附剂对水体中铅离子的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量、盐离子浓度、Pb(II)初始浓度及温度对改性松针吸附Pb(II)的影响。利用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合分析,结果表明,Freundlich等温线模型能很好地描述松针对Pb(II)的吸附过程。热力学参数表明吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。改性松针对铅的吸附行为符合拟二级动力学方程,表明吸附过程是以化学吸附为主。在293K时松针对Pb(II)的饱和吸附量为318.3 mg/g,因此,GXLsp可作为一种高效低值生物质吸附剂以去除水体中重金属Pb(II)的污染。     

车载储氢瓶泄漏及车库内通风方式研究

为研究车库内燃料电池汽车氢气意外泄漏后的浓度分布情况,采用ANSYS软件,通过分析可燃性气体体积、水平方向和垂直方向氢气的扩散分布、不同泄漏位置氢气的扩散情况,研究6种不同通风方式对氢气意外泄漏扩散分布的影响,针对车库内氢气泄漏的特性,在通风方式上引入侧墙底部送风和侧墙顶部送风方式。研究结果表明：底部送风能显著加快氢气的扩散和排出。垂直高度上氢气浓度分布不均,侧墙顶部送风能使顶部堆积的氢气向下扩散,降低最大气体浓度;在墙角泄漏会由于墙壁的影响导致氢气堆积,对墙角局部通风尤为重要。研究结果可为氢燃料电池汽车专用车库的通风设计提供重要参考。     

基于LCA的新能源轿车节能减排效果分析与评价

新能源汽车在行驶过程中具有节能、环保等优点,在我国目前汽车保有量激增、能耗总量和温室气体排放量不断增大,城市交通对城市空气污染贡献日益增加的情况下,应用和推广新能源汽车被视为替代传统汽车、减缓环境危害的重要工具,但其生产阶段的能耗及污染问题同样不容忽视.因此,本研究运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,选用美国阿贡国家实验室开发的GREET模型,对混合动力轿车、纯电动轿车、氢燃料电池轿车、E10乙醇汽油轿车4类新能源轿车在车辆制造、燃料及电力生产、行驶、拆解4个阶段的能耗及主要大气污染物排放进行了分析计算,并与传统汽油轿车进行比较.结果表明,同传统汽油轿车相比,4种新能源轿车的全生命周期能耗有不同程度的降低,其中,纯电动轿车在降低能耗方面最具优势.同时,4种新能源轿车全生命周期综合环境影响均低于传统汽油轿车,其中以氢燃料电池轿车的综合环境影响最小.     

微生物降解麻醉药品生产废水的实验研究

从宜昌人福药业废水处理池的污水中分离得到1株能高效降解麻醉药芬太尼衍生物合成废水的菌株M1,经过对其菌落特征及形态观察,该菌株初步鉴定为拟青霉属(Paecilomyces),并对其降解废水的最佳条件进行了研究.研究表明,当反萃取后水相(COD为22 550 mg/L)的稀释倍数为10时,M1降解该废水的最佳条件为:pH 6.0,温度30℃,摇床转速100 r/min,富集培养液用量3%,最佳菌悬液(3 g菌丝体/菌悬液)接种量10%,经过大约6 d的降解,废水的COD去除率高于97%,最终COD值达到国家一级排放标准(≤50 mg/L).此研究结果为微生物在处理该类药物合成废水中的实际应用提供了依据.     

我国南方桉树人工林区水库沉积物污染物的分布特征及迁移规律

桉树人工林区水库水体大面积泛黑引发的水质安全问题是目前关注的热点问题之一,我国南方地区尤其是广西南宁市90%以上的饮用水源水库周边都大量种植桉树,且很多都出现不同程度的水体泛黑现象.已有研究表明水库沉积物对上覆水Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、S~(2-)和DOC的迁移转化过程起着重要作用,探究水体污染物在沉积物-水界面附近的分布特征与迁移规律对揭示库区泛黑机制具有重要意义.本研究利用柱状泥样分层分析方法和高分辨率原位被动采样技术,于2018年7～12月在我国南方典型泛黑水库天雹水库开展3次实验,分析沉积物中铁、锰、硫化物和有机质的分布特征及季节性变化规律,并重点研究泛黑期沉积物间隙水Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、S~(2-)和DOC的剖面分布规律及迁移方向.结果表明:①桉树人工林区水库沉积物中铁和锰含量丰富,远超过全国土壤背景值.表层沉积物中铁、锰和TOC含量随季节同步增加,主要来源于水库周边桉树林区物质(残落物、腐解液和土壤颗粒)的输入与沉降;②桉树人工林区水库泛黑期沉积物间隙水中Fe~(2+)(16.99 mg·L~(-1))和DOC(36.80%)含量显著高于湖泛体系沉积物(12.15 mg·L~(-1)和10.78%),Fe~(2+)/S~(2-)与Mn~(2+)/S~(2-)比值均大于300,缺氧条件下沉积物中以铁锰氧化物的还原反应为主;③桉树人工林区水库沉积物中Fe~(2+)扩散通量[27.4～33.5 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)]分别是太湖、阿哈水库和红枫湖的32.6、 4.9和30.8倍,具有更强的Fe~(2+)内源释放能力,且间隙水中Fe~(2+)与DOC(r0.904,P0.01)显著正相关,沉积物中铁还原产物与有机质的络合反应是水库突发性泛黑的重要成因之一.     

The effectiveness of electronic stability control (ESC) in reducing real life crashes and injuries

Electronic Stability Control (ESC) was introduced on the mass market in 1998. Since then, several studies showing the positive effects of ESC have been presented. OBJECTIVE: In this study, data from crashes occurring in Sweden during 1998 to 2004 were used to evaluate the effectiveness of ESC on real life crashes. The effectiveness was analyzed for different road conditions, and some accident types and injury levels. METHODS: The study used statistical analysis. To control for exposure, induced exposure methods were used, where ESC-sensitive to ESC-insensitive crashes and road conditions were matched in relation to cars equipped with and without ESC. Cars of similar or, in some cases, identical make and model were used to isolate the role of ESC. RESULTS: The study shows a positive and consistent effect of ESC overall and in circumstances where the road has low friction. The overall effectiveness on all injury crash types, except rear end crashes, was 16.7 +/- 9.3%, while for serious and fatal crashes; the effectiveness was 21.6 +/- 12.8%. The corresponding estimates for crashes with injured car occupants were 23.0 +/- 9.2% and 26.9 +/- 13.9%.For serious and fatal loss-of-control type crashes on wet roads the effectiveness was 56.2 +/- 23.5% and for roads covered with ice or snow the effectiveness was 49.2 +/- 30.2%. It was estimated that for Sweden, with a total of 500 vehicle related deaths annually, that 80-100 fatalities could be saved annually if all cars had ESC.CONCLUSIONS: ESC was found to reduce crashes with personal injuries, especially serious and fatal injuries. The effectiveness ranged from at least 13% for car occupants in all types of crashes with serious or fatal outcome to a minimum of 35% effectiveness for single/oncoming/overtaking serious and fatal crashes on wet or icy road surface. No difference in deformation pattern was found for cars with or without ESC.     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and microbial community during poultry manure cocomposting process

Co-composting of poultry manure and rubber wood sawdust was performed with the ratio of 2:1 (V/V) for a period of 60 days. An investigation was carried out to study the extracellular enzymatic activities and structural degradation utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microbial succession was also determined by using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE). The compost was able to reach its highest temperature of 71 ℃ at day 3 and stabilized between 30 and 40 ℃ for 8 weeks. CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase acted synergistically in order to degrade the cellulosic substrate. The xylanase activities increased gradually during the composting and reached the peak value of 11.637 U/g on day 35, followed by a sharp decline. Both LiP and MnP activities reached their peak values on day 35 with 0.431 and 0.132 U/g respectively. The FT-IR spectra revealed an increase in aromaticity and a decrease in aliphatic compounds such as carbohydrates as decomposition proceeded. TGA/DTG data exhibited significant changes in weight loss in compost samples, indicating degradation of organic matter. SEM micrographs showed higher amounts of parenchyma exposed on the surface of rubber wood sawdust at day 60, showing significant degradation. DGGE and 16S rDNA analyses showed that Burkholderia sp., Pandoraea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were present throughout the composting process. Ornithinibacillus sp. and Castellaniella ginsengisoli were only found in the initial stage of the composting, while different strains of Burkholderia sp. also occurred in the later stage of composting.     

基于制造业及劳动力异质性的环境规制就业效应

将环境规制的就业影响识别为：劳动投入-污染排放弹性、环境规制的相对成本和环境规制-污染排放弹性,并利用2003~2017年的制造业行业面板数据进行实证检验.结果表明：环境规制对制造业总体就业造成显著负向影响,且该影响主要体现在劳动密集型行业中,其研发和非研发人员均受到显著负向冲击;资本密集型行业受影响不显著;技术密集型行业总体就业和非研发人员就业受到显著正向影响.弹性和相对成本测算表明,劳动密集型行业受到规模（减小）、挤出、技术替代等多效应的负向冲击;技术密集型行业受规模（增大）效应和就业创造效应的正向促进;资本密集型行业中各效应均不明显.建议有关部门通过减排成本补贴、劳动力技能培训、新型环保产业培育等措施减少环境规制的负向就业影响.