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91.
Mary Beth LEIGH Wei-Min WU Erick CARDENAS Ondrej UHLIK Sue CARROLL Terry GENTRY Terence L. MARSH Jizhong ZHOU Philip JARDINE Craig S. CRIDDLE James M. TIEDJE 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2015,9(3):453
Stable isotope probing (SIP) was used to identify microbes stimulated by ethanol addition in microcosms containing two sediments collected from the bioremediation test zone at the US Department of Energy Oak Ridge site, TN, USA. One sample was highly bioreduced with ethanol while another was less reduced. Microcosms with the respective sediments were amended with 13C labeled ethanol and incubated for 7 days for SIP. Ethanol was rapidly converted to acetate within 24 h accompanied with the reduction of nitrate and sulfate. The accumulation of acetate persisted beyond the 7 d period. Aqueous U did not decline in the microcosm with the reduced sediment due to desorption of U but continuously declined in the less reduced sample. Microbial growth and concomitant 13C-DNA production was detected when ethanol was exhausted and abundant acetate had accumulated in both microcosms. This coincided with U(VI) reduction in the less reduced sample. 13C originating from ethanol was ultimately utilized for growth, either directly or indirectly, by the dominant microbial community members within 7 days of incubation. The microbial community was comprised predominantly of known denitrifiers, sulfate-reducing bacteria and iron (III) reducing bacteria including Desulfovibrio, Sphingomonas, Ferribacterium, Rhodanobacter, Geothrix, Thiobacillus and others, including the known U(VI)-reducing bacteria Acidovorax, Anaeromyxobacter, Desulfovibrio, Geobacter and Desulfosporosinus. The findings suggest that ethanol biostimulates the U(VI)-reducing microbial community by first serving as an electron donor for nitrate, sulfate, iron (III) and U(VI) reduction, and acetate which then functions as electron donor for U(VI) reduction and carbon source for microbial growth. 相似文献
92.
Eric Vander Wal Michel P. Laforge Philip D. McLoughlin 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(3):383-390
Sociality is poorly understood in the context of population processes. We used wild, female elk (Cervus canadensis) equipped with proximity-logging radio collars (n?=?62) from Manitoba, Canada (2007–2009), to test for modifying effects of population density (two areas: 0.42 and 0.22 animals/km2) on the relationship between two measures of sociality. This included the rate at which collared individuals encountered one another per year (encounters logged as animals ranging to within 1.4 m of each other) and the extent to which animals overlapped in annual home range (proportion of shared minimum convex polygon ranges). Overlap was significantly greater in the high density area compared to that of the low, but not if we only considered individuals that directly encountered each other, implying that familiar individuals will maintain a constant degree of range overlap regardless of density. Encounter rate was nonlinearly related to home range overlap. This relationship was also density-dependent, exhibiting negative density dependence at high proportions of overlap, primarily in the high density subpopulation. Sociality, as defined by two interacting measures of behaviour—encounter rate and home range overlap—exhibits a complex nonlinear relationship; we discuss the implications of these results as they pertain to sociobiology, resource competition, and pathogen transmission. 相似文献
93.
The environmental impact of nanotechnology has caused a great concern. Many in vitro studies showed that many types of nanoparticles were cytotoxic. However, whether these nanoparticles caused cell membrane damage was not well studied. F2-isoprostanes are specific products of arachidonic acid peroxidation by nonenzymatic reactive oxygen species and are considered as reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. In this article, we investigated the cytotoxicity of different nanoparticles and the degree of cellular membrane damage by using F2-isoprostanes as biomarkers after exposure to nanoparticles. The human lung epithelial cell line A549 was exposed to four silica and metal oxide nanoparticles: SiO2 (15 nm), CeO2 (20 nm), Fe2O3 (30 nm), and ZnO (70 nm). The levels of F2-isoprostanes were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The F2-isoprostanes’ peak was identified by retention time and molecular ion m/z at 353. Oasis HLB cartridge was used to extract F2-isoprostanes from cell medium. The results showed that SiO2, CeO2, and ZnO nanoparticles increased F2-isoprostanes levels significantly in A549 cells. Fe2O3 nanoparticle also increased F2-isoprostanes level, but was not significant. This implied that SiO2, CeO2, ZnO, and Fe2O3 nanoparticles can cause cell membrane damage due to the lipid peroxidation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the investigation of effects of cellular exposure to metal oxide and silica nanoparticles on the cellular F2-isoprostanes levels. 相似文献
94.
The introduced feral cat (Felis catus) is a widespread generalist with flexible social behaviour and an apex predator without major interspecific competitors in insular ecosystems that evolved in the absence of predators. Mechanistic definitions consider an animal’s home range to be the spatial expression of a cognitive map that is kept up-to-date with the status of critical resources that contribute to animal fitness. We assumed there are two major determinants structuring the home range of cats as apex predators in insular ecosystems: the distribution of critical food resources and conspecific distribution. We hypothesized that cats structure their home ranges by optimizing the use of staple critical food resources and that as a consequence of the presence of rich resources cats tend to socialise, aggregate and share space. We carried out spatial analyses using location data for feral cats tracked using lightweight GPS collars in conjunction with the suitability value of rabbit patches and their associated ownership costs for cats within a New Zealand braided-river environment. Cat home ranges and spatial distribution, especially for females, were related to the inclusion of rabbit patches within home ranges with higher mean value than the average of neighbourhood patches in the landscape. Cats showed solitary behaviour but tolerance to conspecific presence by sharing high-use areas and high-value rabbit patches, mostly at different times, resulting in occasional encounters among males and females. Home range size and patterns of spatial overlap were dependant on sex and season. Solitary spacing patterns as consequence of innate preferences together with resource constraints may regulate feral cat population densities. 相似文献
95.
J. Richard Eiser Tom Stafford John Henneberry Philip Catney 《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(2):150-156
Data are reported from a postal questionnaire completed by 747 residents of two urban local authority areas within which there were sites of brownfield land with significant levels of contamination. Respondents rated their perceptions of the extent to which their neighbourhood and own home were relatively vulnerable to contamination, their concern about possible effects of contamination, their satisfaction with their council in terms of consultation with residents on housing and development issues, and their trust in their council with respect to contaminated land risks. Satisfaction with, and trust in, the council was generally low in both areas, and especially so among those who perceived themselves to be more vulnerable to contamination. Nonetheless, dissatisfaction was less marked in the area where the local authority, according to background information, had pursued a more open and proactive style of risk communication and consultation with residents. The main predictors of trust, across both areas, were perceptions that the council was openly prepared to tell residents what they knew, and that the council had residents' interests at heart. Implications are discussed for the impact of different modes of risk communication on trust. 相似文献
96.
Drysdale M Ljung Bjorklund K Jamieson HE Weinstein P Cook A Watkins RT 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2012,34(2):279-288
Simulated lung fluids are solutions designed to mimic the composition of human interstitial lung fluid as closely as possible.
Analysis of mineral dusts using such solutions has been used to evaluate the respiratory bioaccessibility of various elements
for which solubility in the lungs is a primary determinant of reactivity. The objective of this study was to employ simulated
lung fluid analysis to investigate the respiratory bioaccessibility of nickel in soils. Current occupational guidelines in
Australia regulate nickel compounds in terms of water solubility, though this may not be an accurate estimation of the total
nickel that will dissociate in the lungs. Surface soils were collected from the city of Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, the
site of an operational nickel smelter and metal mining activities. The fraction of the samples less than 10 μm was extracted
from the soil, and it was this sub-10-μm fraction that was found to hold most of the total nickel present in the soil. The
fine fraction was analyzed using a simulated lung fluid (modified Gamble’s solution) to isolate the nickel phases soluble
in the lungs. In addition, a sequential extraction was employed to compare the bioaccessible fraction to those dissolved from
different binding forms in the soil. In all samples, the simulated lung fluid extracted more nickel than the two weakest leaches
of the sequential extraction combined, providing a more representative nickel bioaccessibility value than the current water
leach method. 相似文献
97.
Schmidt TS Clements WH Wanty RB Verplanck PL Church SE San Juan CA Fey DL Rockwell BW DeWitt EH Klein TL 《Ecological applications》2012,22(3):870-879
Geologic processes strongly influence water and sediment quality in aquatic ecosystems but rarely are geologic principles incorporated into routine biomonitoring studies. We test if elevated concentrations of metals in water and sediment are restricted to streams downstream of mines or areas that may discharge mine wastes. We surveyed 198 catchments classified as "historically mined" or "unmined," and based on mineral-deposit criteria, to determine whether water and sediment quality were influenced by naturally occurring mineralized rock, by historical mining, or by a combination of both. By accounting for different geologic sources of metals to the environment, we were able to distinguish aquatic ecosystems limited by metals derived from natural processes from those due to mining. Elevated concentrations of metals in water and sediment were not restricted to mined catchments; depauperate aquatic communities were found in unmined catchments. The type and intensity of hydrothermal alteration and the mineral deposit type were important determinants of water and sediment quality as well as the aquatic community in both mined and unmined catchments. This study distinguished the effects of different rock types and geologic sources of metals on ecosystems by incorporating basic geologic processes into reference and baseline site selection, resulting in a refined assessment. Our results indicate that biomonitoring studies should account for natural sources of metals in some geologic environments as contributors to the effect of mines on aquatic ecosystems, recognizing that in mining-impacted drainages there may have been high pre-mining background metal concentrations. 相似文献
98.
Claire M. Waluda Martin A. Collins Andrew D. Black Iain J. Staniland Philip N. Trathan 《Marine Biology》2010,157(1):99-112
Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella and macaroni penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus are the two main land-based krill Euphausia superba consumers in the northern Scotia Sea. Using a combination of concurrent at-sea (predator observations, net hauls and multi-frequency
acoustics), and land-based (animal tracking and diet analysis) techniques, we examined variability in the foraging ecology
of these sympatric top predators during the austral summer and autumn of 2004. Krill availability derived from acoustic surveys
was low during summer, increasing in autumn. During the breeding season, krill occurred in 80% of fur seal diet samples, with
fish remains in 37% of samples. Penguin diets contained the highest proportion of fish in over 20 years of routine monitoring
(46% by mass; particularly the myctophid Electrona antarctica), with krill (33%) and amphipods (Themisto gaudichaudii; 21%) also occurring. When constrained by the need to return and feed their offspring both predator species foraged to the
northwest of South Georgia, consistent with an area of high macrozooplankton biomass, but fur seals were apparently more successful
at exploiting krill. When unconstrained by chick-rearing (during March) penguins foraged close to the Shag Rocks shelf-break,
probably exploiting the high daytime biomass of fish in this area. Penguins and seals are able to respond differently to periods
of reduced krill abundance (in terms of variability in diet and foraging behaviour), without detriment to the breeding success
of either species. This highlights the importance of myctophid fish as an alternative trophic pathway for land-based predators
in the Scotia Sea ecosystem. 相似文献
99.
Olle Anderbrant Donald S. Matteson C. Rikard Unelius Philip S. Pharazyn Ellen M. Santangelo Fredrik Schlyter Göran Birgersson 《Chemoecology》2010,20(3):179-187
Stereoisomers of 4-methyl-3-heptanol (MH) are pheromone components of several Scolytus bark beetles. The elm bark beetle Scolytus laevis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) has in previous studies been caught in traps baited with commercial MH containing all four stereoisomers,
but the lure has been considered a weak attractant. In this study, we addressed the question whether stereospecific responses
by S. laevis to stereoisomers of MH might contribute to its niche separation from other sympatric Scolytus species. Using GC–MS, we analyzed extracts of hindguts and abdomens from male and female S. laevis and the sympatric S. triarmatus. We also tested all four MH-stereoisomers individually and in combinations in the field to determine their role for S. laevis. All four stereoisomers were synthesized via a boronic ester method with 1,2-dicyclohexylethanediol as chiral director. In
addition, the (3S,4R)-stereoisomer of MH was prepared through enantioselective, lipase-mediated transesterification of a mixture of the four stereoisomers
of MH. Females of both species contained small amounts of syn-MH, and males contained trace amounts of anti-MH. The anti stereoisomer
(3R,4S)-MH was attractive to male and female S. laevis, whereas the syn stereoisomer (3S,4S)-MH acted as an inhibitor or deterrent and reduced the catch when added to the attractive isomer. The syn isomer is the main
aggregation pheromone component of the larger and sympatric S. scolytus and possibly also of S. triarmatus. The avoidance response of S. laevis to the (3S,4S)-stereoisomer may reduce interspecific competition for host trees. 相似文献
100.
J. Philip Burkhalter Timothy C. Martin Richard G. Allen Jeppe Kjaersgaard Erin Wilson Ray Alvarado Jason S. Polly 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(3):498-517
We compared two methods of estimating crop water consumption to assess whether remote sensing techniques provide consumptive use (CU) estimates commensurate with conventional methods. Using available historical satellite and meteorological data, we applied Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution using Internalized Calibration (METRIC) to 317,455 ha in the South Platte basin, in northeastern Colorado, for the 2001 irrigation season. We then compared these derived CU estimates with values calculated by using the Colorado Water Conservation Board's South Platte Decision Support System StateCU model. Evaluating the data by irrigation ditch service area, we disaggregated the output to allow for comparison by service area size, crop type, irrigation method, water supply source, and water availability. We concluded that METRIC is a suitable alternative to StateCU in the South Platte basin and could help to identify areas with inhibited crop growth or deficit irrigation practices. In addition, METRIC could be used as a complement to StateCU to refine StateCU model parameters, allowing for more accurate estimates of crop water shortages and groundwater recharge associated with irrigation delivery and application. 相似文献