从生物群落到生态系统综合保护：国家公园生态系统完整性保护的理论演变

自然保护事业已经进入人与自然和谐的综合保护阶段,突破传统生物群落保护的要素式思维,从生态特征、生态系统健康和自组织能力等视角系统实施生态系统完整性保护,已基本成为共识。中国经历了长期部门化割裂管理,在国家公园体制建设过程中开始由分散走向统一,要求将山水林田湖草作为生命共同体进行生态系统完整性保护。基于集合种群等空间生态学理论,提出国家公园生态系统完整性不仅意味着内部自然空间的完整,更需着眼国家生态安全的大局和自然保护地体系的战略布局。国家公园只有成为生态地理区的节点并辐射周边区域,有效平衡行政区域之间以及人与自然之间的关系,才能真正实现完整生态系统的长效保护。目前,国内既有研究在指导全域布局和平衡人地关系方面仍考虑不足,试点过程中还存在管理型技术方法欠缺、空间边界受限于行政边界、未能从全局着眼构建以国家公园为核心的生态系统完整性网络、未充分考虑差异化的人地关系等问题。未来需要着眼大局,有效平衡国家公园及其周边区域的关系、不同行政区域之间的关系、国家公园人与自然的关系,从而实现生态系统完整性的长效保护。     

氯化石蜡产品中短链和中链同系物的指纹分布

使用气相色谱-电子捕获负化学电离质谱（GC-ECNI-MS）,对包含CP-42、CP-52和CP-70三种常见氯含量的22个CPs产品进行了测定,分析了不同氯含量的CPs产品中短链氯化石蜡（SCCPs）和中链氯化石蜡（MCCPs）同系物的分布模式.SCCPs同系物呈现5种分布特征,分别是CP-42型、三类CP-52型和CP-70型,MCCPs同系物呈现4种分布特征,分别是CP-42型和三类CP-52型,CP-70产品中MCCPs同系物未呈现出一致的分布规律.CPs生产原料石蜡中烷烃的成分组成和CPs生产工艺的不同,是造成产品同系物分布模式不一致的原因.通过统计学分析,得到CPs产品中SCCPs和MCCPs同系物的指纹分布,这是开展环境中CPs的源解析、迁移转化、归趋和毒性风险评价等研究的有利工具.     

Simultaneous quantification of fifty-one odor-causing compounds in drinking water using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

A wide range of compounds with various structural features can cause taste and odor(TO)problems in drinking water. It would be desirable to determine all of these compounds using a simple analytical method. In this paper, a sensitive method combining liquid–liquid extraction(LLE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(GC–MS/MS)was established to simultaneously analyze 51 odor-causing compounds in drinking water,including organic sulfides, aldehydes, benzenes, phenols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Three deuterated analogs of target analytes, dimethyl disulfide-d6, benzaldehyde-d6 and o-cresol-3,4,5,6-d4,were used to correct the variations in recovery, and five isotope-labeled internal standards(4-chlorotoluene-d4, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-d4, naphthalene-d8, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10 respectively) were used prior to analysis to correct the variations arising from instrument fluctuations and injection errors. The calibration curves of the target compounds showed good linearity(R2 0.99, level = 7),and method detection limits(MDLs) below 1/10 of the odor threshold concentrations were achieved for most of the odorants(0.10–20.55 ng/L). The average recoveries of most of the analytes in tap water samples were between 70% and 120%, and the method was reproducible(RSD 20%, n = 7). Additionally, concentrations of odor-causing compounds in water samples collected from three drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were analyzed by this method.According to the results, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and indole were considered to be the key odorants responsible for the swampy/septic odor. 2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin were detected as the main odor-causing compounds for musty/earthy odor in DWTP B.     

Statistical regression modeling for energy consumption in wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment is one of critical issues faced by water utilities, and receives more and more attentions recently. The energy consumption modeling in biochemical wastewater treatment was investigated in the study via a general and robust approach based on Bayesian semi-parametric quantile regression. The dataset was derived from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, where the energy consumption of unit chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was the response variable of interest. Via the proposed approach, the comprehensive regression pictures of the energy consumption and truly influencing factors, i.e., the regression relationships at lower, median and higher energy consumption levels were characterized respectively. Meanwhile, the proposals for energy saving in different cases were also facilitated specifically. First, the lower level of energy consumption was closely associated with the temperature of influent wastewater, and the chroma-rich wastewater also showed helpful in the execution of energy saving. Second, at median energy consumption level, the COD-rich wastewater played a determinative role in the reduction of energy consumption, while the higher quality of treated water led to slightly energy intensive. Third, the higher level of energy consumption was most likely to be attributed to the relatively high temperature of wastewater and total nitrogen (TN)-rich wastewater, and both of the factors were preferably to be avoided to alleviate the burden of energy consumption. The study provided an efficient approach to controlling the energy consumption of wastewater treatment in the perspective of statistical regression modeling, and offered valuable suggestions for the future energy saving.     

One-step synthesis of Cu(II) metal–organic gel as recyclable material for rapid, efficient and size selective cationic dyes adsorption

Efficient removal of non-biodegradable and hazardous dyes from wastewater remains a hot research topic. Herein, a rationally designed a Cu(Ⅱ)-based metal–organic gel(Cu-MOG) with a nanoporous 3 D network structure prepared via a simple one-step mixing method was successfully employed for the removal of cationic dyes. The Cu-MOG exhibited high efficiency, with an adsorption capacity of up to 650.32 mg/g, and rapid adsorption efficiency, with the ability to adsorb 80% of Neutral Red within 1 min. The high adsorption efficiency was attributed to its large specific surface area, which enabled it to massively bind cationic dyes through electrostatic interaction, and a nanoporous structure that promoted intra-pore diffusion. Remarkably, the Cu-MOG displayed size-selective adsorption, based on adsorption studies concerning dyes of different sizes as calculated by density functional theory. Additionally, the adsorption performance of the Cu-MOG still maintained removal efficiency of 100% after three regeneration cycles. These results suggested that the Cu-MOG could be expected to be a promising and competitive candidate to conveniently process wastewater.     

Enzyme-electrolytic degradation of dichloromethane: Efficiency, kinetics and mechanism

Enzymatic electrolysis cell(EEC) has advantages over microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) due to the needless of microbe inoculation and high-efficiency of enzymatic reaction. In this study, an EEC was first applied to achieve the effective degradation of halogenated organic pollutants and dichloromethane(CH_2Cl_2) was utilized as a model pollutant. The results indicate that the degradation efficiency of CH_2Cl_2 after 2 hr reaction in the EEC was almost100%, which was significantly higher than that with enzyme(51.1%) or current(19.0%). The current induced the continuous regeneration of reduced glutathione(GSH), thus CH_2Cl_2 was degraded under the catalysis of GSH-dependent dehalogenase through stepwise dechlorination, and successively formed monochloromethane(CH_3Cl) and methane(CH_4). The kinetic result shows that with a current of 15 mA, the maximum specific degradation rate of CH_2Cl_2(3.77 × 10~(-3) hr~(-1)) was increased by 5.7 times. The optimum condition for CH_2Cl_2 dechlorination was also obtained with pH, current and temperature of 7.0, 15 mA and 35°C,respectively. Importantly, this study helps to understand the behavior of enzymes and the fate of halogenated organic pollutants with EEC, providing a possible treatment technology for halogenated organic pollutants.     

不同类型秸秆对污泥厌氧消化特性及细菌群落结构的影响

为促进污水处理厂污泥及农作物秸秆的资源化利用,探讨不同类型秸秆（玉米、小麦、水稻）对污泥厌氧消化特性、产气效果及细菌群落结构的影响,在中温〔（35±1）℃〕下,研究了污泥与秸秆按不同质量比（1:0、1:0.5、1:1、1:1.5）联合厌氧消化对污泥C/N（碳氮比）和厌氧消化环境中pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（VFAs）（VFAs为挥发性脂肪酸）、日均沼气产量及φ（CH₄）、细菌群落的特征变化,以未添加秸秆的污泥厌氧消化为CK（对照）.结果表明:不同类型秸秆的添加对厌氧消化体系的pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（VFAs）均产生显著影响,秸秆的加入明显提高了厌氧消化体系的产气量.联合厌氧消化可通过优化厌氧消化底物的C/N,从而增加ρ（VFAs）和φ（CH₄）.其中,污泥与玉米秸秆质量比为1:1.5时对厌氧消化的促进作用最为显著;其沼气日产量为2 303.08 mL,比CK（536.15 mL）提高了3倍以上,而沼气中φ（CH₄）最高为54.49%,比CK（37.07%）提高46.99%.此外,不同类型秸秆的添加也可通过改变细菌群落结构从而促进秸秆降解,增加ρ（VFAs）和提高沼气产量,特别是添加秸秆后,Bacteroidetes会逐渐取代Proteobacteria成为主要的产酸菌种,从而导致ρ（VFAs）增加.研究显示,污泥与秸秆联合厌氧消化可改善污泥营养结构,改变细菌群落结构,提高沼气产量.      

某型飞机4号油箱结构损伤分析及修复评估

目的 某型双座机使用中发现4号油箱存在不同程度结构损伤,分析其损伤原因和制定修理方案。方法 对4号油箱结构状态进行深入检查评估后,从结构损伤过程、载荷情况、设计制造和外场使用等方面综合分析损伤原因。对实际损伤结构进行强度计算和评估,制定结构损伤补强修理方案,并提出修理改进建议。结果 通过分析得出,损伤原因主要是4号油箱局部存在设计制造缺陷,且飞机在作大过载飞行时,4号油箱可能处于满油或大量余油的高负载状态。根据损伤原因制定的修理方案合理可行,通过了静强度校核和评估。结论 基于该损伤结构提出的修理方案通过实际修理验证,能够满足油箱结构强度设计要求,提出的改进建议能够改善飞机疲劳品质。     

污水分析方法监测城市毒品滥用长期趋势

毒品滥用问题是全球广泛关注的社会问题,对城市毒品滥用情况进行长期监测具有重要意义.采用污水流行病学的方法,对大连市毒品的滥用情况进行连续长期调查.2020～2021年采集大连市22个污水处理厂的进口污水,通过气相色谱衍生化方法分析测定甲基苯丙胺、海洛因、氯胺酮、摇头丸和可卡因的生物标志物的浓度,即其尿液代谢产物甲基苯丙胺、吗啡、氯胺酮、摇头丸和苯甲酰芽子碱.结果表明,2020年p(甲基苯丙胺)、p(吗啡)和p(氯胺酮)均值分别为23.69、23.21和2.40 ng·L-1;2021年均值分别为20.64、20.92和0.47 ng·L-1,在所有的污水样品中均未检测出摇头丸和苯甲酰芽子碱,根据相关信息估算5种毒品的人均滥用量,并结合往年监测数据分析大连市这5种毒品的滥用趋势.甲基苯丙胺和海洛因滥用量均在2019年有上升趋势,2020大幅度下降,2021年基本保持不变;氯胺酮的滥用则一直处于较低水平.本研究为大连市实时监控毒品滥用情况提供科学依据,对防治毒品犯罪具有重要意义.     

湖南慈利马尾松树轮宽度对气候的响应及1854年以来冬季极端低温重建

利用采自湖南慈利的马尾松树轮样本,建立研究区的标准树轮宽度年表。树轮气候响应分析发现:马尾松径向生长与月最大日降水量在生长季之前部分月份显著负相关(p0.05),在生长季之内部分月份显著正相关(p0.05),与月平均温度、月平均最低温度、月极端最低温度在生长季之前和之内大多月份均显著正相关(p0.05),其中与上一年11月到当年2月(冬季)的平均极端最低温度相关最好(r=0.62,p0.01)。重建了湖南慈利地区1854年以来冬季极端最低温度,重建气温在十年尺度上表现出明显的反"S"型,1854—1916年和1981—2015年处于暖冬时期,1917—1980年处于寒冬时期。此外,共发现29个寒冬年,其中包括3个寒冬时段,分别为1922—1925年、1927—1930年和1953—1960年,其中1953—1960年是自1854年以来最冷的时段。空间相关性分析表明重建序列可以指示我国中东部的冬季低温变化,而冬季低温可能与热带印度洋、西太平洋海温变化异常有关。