对环境空气中二氧化硫测定方法的改进

在甲醛缓冲溶液吸收─盐酸副玫瑰苯胺分光光度法测定SO2的分析过程中,通过将10ml比色管改为25ml比色管,同时采用控制时间和温度的方法对SO2进行测定,同时着重提出在加试剂时,用时间控制的办法,严格掌握各反应条件,提高测定结果的准确性.     

Characterization of a new smog chamber for evaluating SAPRC gas-phase chemical mechanism

A new state-of-the-art indoor smog chamber facility (CAPS-ZJU) has been constructed and characterized at Zhejiang University, which is designed for chemical mechanism evaluation under well-controlled conditions. A series of characterization experiments were performed to validate the well-established experimental protocols, including temperature variation pattern, light spectrum and equivalent intensity (J_NO2), injection and mixing performance, as well as gases and particle wall loss. In addition, based on some characterization experiments, the auxiliary wall mechanism has been setup and examined. Fifty chamber experiments were performed across a broad range of experimental scenarios, and we demonstrated the ability to utilize these chamber data for evaluating SAPRC chemical mechanism. It was found that the SAPRC-11 can well predict the O₃ formation and NO oxidation for almost all propene runs, with 6 hr Δ(O₃ – NO) model error of –3% ± 7%, while the final O₃ was underestimated by ~20% for isoprene experiments. As for toluene and p-xylene experiments, it was confirmed that SAPRC-11 has significant improvement on aromatic chemistry than earlier version of SAPRC-07, although the aromatic decay rate was still underestimated to some extent. The model sensitivity test has been carried out, and the most sensitive parameters identified are the initial concentrations of reactants and the light intensity as well as HONO offgasing rate and O₃ wall loss rate. All of which demonstrated that CAPS-ZJU smog chamber could derive high quality experimental data, and could provide insights on chamber studies and chemical mechanism development.     

寒旱区湖泊冰封期有机碳氮同位素研究

为了探究寒旱区湖泊悬浮物和沉积物中颗粒有机碳氮稳定同位素来源与环境相关性,于2019年1月对南海湖冰封期悬浮物和表层沉积物有机δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N及C/N值进行了测定.结果表明：南海湖冰封期悬浮有机质δ¹³C的变化范围为-31.94‰~-27.87‰,δ¹⁵N变化范围为15.16‰~18.66‰,C/N变化范围为3.90~5.13.沉积物δ¹³C值变化范围为-25.39‰~-18.83‰,δ¹⁵N值变化范围为7.04‰~13.66‰,C/N值变化范围为7.66~12.23.悬浮有机质δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N最高值分别出现在进水口区和湖心岛区,沉积物则都为湖心岛区表层沉积物.端元混合模型分析表明,冰封期悬浮有机质主要由内源水生藻类主导,水质保护区藻类贡献率达到82.33%,与该区域浮游植物丰度最高相符.表层沉积物有机质的主要来源为内源水生植物,在水质保护区贡献率高达89.7%.相关性分析表明,在冰封期内悬浮有机质与表层沉积物δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N并没有明显的相关性,在低温情况下悬浮物δ¹⁵N与温度（P<0.025）、硝态氮（P<0.019）呈显著负相关,与亚硝态氮呈显著正相关（P<0.034）.原因主要与外源贡献率和生物作用的同位素效应有关.悬浮物δ¹³C和COD呈极显著正相关（P<0.008）,与盐度呈显著正相关（P<0.046）,COD和悬浮物δ¹³C很可能具有同源性,在湖泊冰封期具有一定的环境指示意义.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性

为探究厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外金属元素特性,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥根据粒径筛分为0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm 3组,提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）,研究EPS金属元素特性.结果表明,蛋白质（PN）是厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分,占EPS含量的84.2%以上.随着粒径的增大,EPS中Na、K、Ca、Mg元素含量均增多,且与EPS中蛋白质含量变化一致.EPS中K、Ca、Mg元素的离子形式占比分别为68.6%、56.2%、94.7%.EPS经过阳离子交换树脂（CER）处理后,0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm组EPS Zeta电位分别减小了4.7,7.2,9.1mV,EPS中的金属离子可通过压缩双电层作用促进颗粒污泥的聚集,金属离子对大粒径颗粒污泥EPS Zeta电位的影响幅度更大.     

草酸盐介导下含As(V)黄钾铁矾的相转化过程与As(V)的再分配行为

黄钾铁矾能够通过吸附和共沉淀作用固定酸性矿山废水（AMD）中的重（类）金属（如砷）,降低其迁移性和生物可利用性.草酸盐广泛存在于天然水环境中,其具有的羧酸官能团能改变铁矿物的稳定性,进而影响吸持的重（类）金属的再分配行为.利用水热法合成含As（V）黄钾铁矾,探究其在不同草酸盐浓度与pH条件下的溶解、重结晶和共沉淀As（V）的行为.研究结果表明,草酸盐与含As（V）黄钾铁矾表面Fe（III）活性位点配位形成的可溶性强络合物是促进矿物溶解的第一步和关键;在pH 2.5时,含As（V）黄钾铁矾的溶解速率随草酸盐浓度增加而增加,伴随大量As（V）释放到溶液,反应过程中只有少量As（V）重新吸附到固相上,这是由于草酸盐与As（V）竞争矿物表面的同一活性位点;在pH 6.5条件下,草酸盐促进含As（V）黄钾铁矾的重结晶,经X射线衍射分析表明针铁矿和纤铁矿为主要产物,能有效地吸附释放的As（V）.研究结果有助于揭示在AMD环境下黄钾铁矾沉积物与含羧酸官能团有机酸共存时对As（V）的释放和固定机理,对AMD环境中As（V）污染控制有重要意义.     

铜绿微囊藻生长与铁氧化物吸附解吸磷的相互作用机制研究

本文研究铜绿微囊藻生长与铁氧化物吸附解吸磷的相互作用机制,旨在为富营养化池塘、水库调控和治理提供理论指导。采用化学方法合成铁氧化物并对其进行表征,研究铁氧化物对磷的吸附特性和铜绿微囊藻生长与铁氧化物吸附解吸磷的相互作用。结果表明铁氧化物的物相组成与自然界土壤和底泥中铁氧化物存在形态相似;铁氧化物对磷的吸附属于专性吸附,吸附等温曲线符合Langmuir方程。在含铁氧化物的BG11培养基中培养铜绿微囊藻,铁氧化物对磷的吸附导致培养液中总磷（TP）和水溶性磷（SWP）浓度降低,抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长。铜绿微囊藻在含吸附磷的铁氧化物而无磷的BG11培养基（4.02 < pH < 10.05）中能够正常生长,藻生长导致溶液pH升高是诱导铁氧化物解吸磷的主要因素,铜绿微囊藻光合作用释放的氧气可以抑制三价铁向二价铁的转化。针对铜绿微囊藻诱导铁氧化物释放磷并被其吸收的机制,要控制富营养化水体蓝藻爆发,除控制外源磷输入外,应该抑制底泥中铁磷释放,或通过藻细胞的收集和移除来降低底泥中铁氧化物的磷负荷。     

环境英语教学对生态环境旅游可持续发展的意义

生态环境旅游保持可持续发展的内在要求之一为环境科学教育,在国际化形式的大背景下,外籍游客大幅度增加,致使环境科学教育的最核心内容即为英语教学。由于环境英语教学的缺失,一些生态旅游环境遭到严重破坏。为此,提出了英语教学对生态环境旅游可持续发展的意义。从培养绿色旅游意识、汲取国外先进旅游生态环境保护方法及增加外籍游客数量等方面,分析了环境英语教学对生态环境旅游可持续发展的必要性。研究环境英语教学对生态环境旅游推广的优势,在保持其他因素发展水平不变的前提下,分析英语教学对生态环境可持续发展的影响。     

地下水DNAPLs污染多相流的随机模拟及其不确定性分析

水文地质参数本身存在不确定性,为分析水文地质参数不确定性对地下水DNAPLs污染多相流数值模拟模型输出结果的影响,本文针对假想算例展开研究,首先建立了研究区地下水DNAPLs污染多相流数值模拟模型;然后,运用灵敏度分析法筛选对模型输出结果影响较大的参数作为随机变量;为减少反复调用多相流模拟模型产生的计算负荷,运用克里格方法建立多相流模拟模型的替代模型,利用替代模型完成蒙特卡洛随机模拟;最后,对随机模拟的结果进行统计分析并完成地下水污染风险评价.结果表明,利用污染物浓度分布函数可以估算单井遭受污染的风险;利用地下水污染风险图可以对全区地下水遭受不同程度污染的风险大小进行分区,为地下水污染防治提供更加科学、丰富的参考依据.     

Distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the whole blood of typical meat animals

The concentrations and distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes(PCNs) in the whole blood of eight typical terrestrial meat animals(chicken, duck, rabbit, pig, cattle, sheep,horse and donkey) consumed daily in our life were investigated. The total concentrations(on a liquid volume basis) of PCNs were in a range from 305 to 987 pg/L. Donkey blood contained the highest PCN concentrations. Mono-CNs were the dominant homolog group,accounting for 38%–71% PCNs. Apart from the mono-CNs and tri-CNs homolog groups, two hepta-CNs(mean: 9.5%) contributed most, followed by tetra-CNs(mean: 6.5%). The congeners CN1, 5/7, 24/14, 27/30, 52/60, 66/67, and 73 were the most abundant congeners or congener groups. The highest toxicity equivalencies(TEQs) were observed in cattle blood(117.4 fg TEQ/L) then chicken blood(117.1 fg TEQ/L). CN73 contributed 65% to total TEQs,followed by CN70(20%) and CN66/67(14%). The dietary intakes of PCNs were also estimated.Chicken meat, which forms the second largest component of meat product consumption in China, contributed most to the total TEQs(61%), followed by beef(27%) and pork(5.9%). The consumption of chicken might pose the highest risk from exposure to PCNs than other types of meat to populations who prefer to eat chicken meat.     

Large variability in ambient ozone sensitivity across 19 ethylenediurea-treated Chinese cultivars of soybean is driven by total ascorbate

The sensitivity of Chinese soybean cultivars to ambient ozone(O3) in the field is unknown,although soybean is a major staple food in China. Using ethylenediurea(EDU) as an O3 protectant, we tested the gas exchange, pigments, antioxidants and biomass of 19 cultivars exposed to 28 ppm·hr AOT40(accumulated O3 over an hourly concentration threshold of40 ppb) over the growing season at a field site in China. By comparing the average biomass with and without EDU, we estimated the cultivar-specific sensitivity to O3 and ranked the cultivars from very tolerant( 10% change) to highly sensitive( 45% change), which helps in choosing the best-suited cultivars for local cultivation. Higher lipid peroxidation and activity of the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme were major responses to O3 damage, which eventually translated into lower biomass production. The constitutional level of total ascorbate in the leaves was the most important parameter explaining O3 sensitivity among these cultivars. Surprisingly, the role of stomatal conductance was insignificant. These results will guide future breeding efforts towards more O3-tolerant cultivars in China, while strategies for implementing control measures of regional O3 pollution are being implemented. Overall, these results suggest that present ambient O3 pollution is a serious concern for soybean in China, which highlights the urgent need for policy-making actions to protect this critical staple food.