Mild hydrolysis of 2-trifluoromethylphenol: kinetics, mechanism and environmental relevance

2-Trifluoromethylphenol was hydrolysed in a phosphate buffer at neutral pH. At mild temperatures ranging from 34 degrees C to 69 degrees C this compound liberates consecutively fluorine anions to form salicylic acid. This process is energetically driven by the hydration of the fluorine anions. No intermediates have been detected by HPLC and (19)F-NMR and this was confirmed by computer calculations which favor the first step in the whole reaction sequence being rate-limiting. Accordingly, the reaction energy of the first dehalogenation of the trifluoromethyl anion is 28.4 kcal mol(-1) higher than for the second dehalogenation. The pseudo-first-order kinetic was determined and from an Arrhenius diagram an activation energy of E(a)=25.1 kcal mol(-1) has been estimated. At 37 degrees C and a pH of 7.4 the half-life was 6.9 h. The rate of hydrolysis was favored at higher pH and it was not influenced by oxygen, sunlight or trace elements found in natural water. The latter was shown by incubations with lake water instead of distilled water.     

Analysis of the health risk of exposure to breast milk mercury in infants in Taiwan

The aim of this study was to assess the total concentration and health risk to infants of breast milk mercury in urban mothers and mothers married to fishermen in relation to fish intake in Taiwan. A total of sixty-eight healthy mothers were recruited for the study. The breast milk mercury geometric mean concentration was 2.02 microgl(-1) (n=56, range: 0.24-9.45 microgl(-1)) for the city group and 2.04 microgl(-1) (n=12, range: 0.26-8.62 microgl(-1)) for the fishermen's group. Of the three sources of mercury exposure (i.e., ingestion (breast milk), inhalation (ambient air), and dermal exposure (shower)), breast-feeding was found to be the largest (96.3-99.6% of the total). From a Monte Carlo simulation, in which methyl mercury accounted for about 50% of total mercury, the hazard quotient (exposure estimate/oral minimal risk level or target organ toxicity dose) exceeded 1.0 for 12.9% of urban babies and 18.8% of fishermen's babies (chronic oral minimal risk level and target organ toxicity dose: 3 x 10(-4)mgkg(-1)d(-1)). The calculated mercury exposure was 3.02 x 10(-1) microgkg(-1)d(-1) for a 3.49 kg urban baby boy and 3.06 x 10(-1) microgkg(-1)d(-1) for a 3.44 kg urban baby girl. These results suggest the life style of mothers (eating raw fish and shellfish such as used in "Sashimi" and "Sushi," and vitamin supplementation) may influence the mercury concentration in breast milk.     

PPP模式在城市生活垃圾处理中的应用探讨

由于政府在城市生活垃圾的处理上所采用传统的环卫管理体制,导致在垃圾处理中存在严重的资金不足、效率不高等问题.为此,提出一种基于公私合作思想的垃圾处理的新模式.首先,引出公私合作的PPP模式,并从技术、经济和管理方面对PPP模式应用于生活垃圾处理的可行性进行论证;然后,通过分析政府与企业在垃圾处理过程中的地位,构建城市生活垃圾处理的新模型;最后,对政府和公司在应用PPP模式方面提出了行之有效的建议.     

海城7.3级地震余震活动规律的探讨

本文主要对近30年来营口地震台记录的海城7.3级地震的余震观测资料进行分析,按不同的震级进行统计,分别作出M-T图和N-T图,可供今后监测工作参考。     

劳动安全卫生标准体系编制探讨

阐述了劳动安全卫生标准体系研究的目的与意义,分析比较了劳动安全卫生标准分类的几种可能方案,着重讨论并提出整个劳动安全卫生标准体系的层次结构方框图。     

Coalbed methane produced water in China: status and environmental issues

As one of the unconventional natural gas family members, coalbed methane (CBM) receives great attention throughout the world. The major associated problem of CBM production is the management of produced water. In the USA, Canada, and Australia, much research has been done on the effects and management of coalbed methane produced water (CMPW). However, in China, the environmental effects of CMPW were overlooked. The quantity and the quality of CMPW both vary enormously between coal basins or stratigraphic units in China. The unit produced water volume of CBM wells in China ranges from 10 to 271,280 L/well/day, and the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) ranges from 691 to 93,898 mg/L. Most pH values of CMPW are more than 7.0, showing the alkaline feature, and the Na-HCO₃ and Na-HCO₃-Cl are typical types of CMPW in China. Treatment and utilization of CMPW in China lag far behind the USA and Australia, and CMPW is mainly managed by surface impoundments and evaporation. Currently, the core environmental issues associated with CMPW in China are that the potential environmental problems of CMPW have not been given enough attention, and relevant regulations as well as environmental impact assessment (EIA) guidelines for CMPW are still lacking. Other potential issues in China includes (1) water quality monitoring issues for CMPW with special components in special areas, (2) groundwater level decline issues associated with the dewatering process, and (3) potential environmental issues of groundwater pollution associated with hydraulic fracturing.     

Past, Status Quo and Future of China’s Territorial Planning

Since 1949, China has witnessed four development stages of territorial planning. （1） In the 1950s the territorial planning got its start. （2） From the 1960s to 1970s territorial planning declined. （3） From, the 1980s to 1990s the first major tide of territorial planning began. （4） From the end of the 1990s to recent times the new round of territorial planning is under deliberation. Since 1998, the Ministry of Land and Resources has carried out some related work, especially in organizing pilot projects, and early research on the new round of national territorial planning. According to the need for economic and social development and the current conditions in China, it is the appropriate for China to carry out the new round of territorial planning. However, the government should correctly consider the correlations between territorial planning and other plan- nings, and take appropriate development action, e.g. stressing main points for the basis of overall planning, building a territorial planning system that coordinate with national conditions, strengthening research on various supportive measures of territorial planning, summarizing and upgrading experiences obtained in pilot projects, strengthening international exchange and training talented personnel.     

构建新农村防震减灾规划体系的初步探讨

本文从地震灾害的破坏概况入手,结合当前新农村防震减灾规划存在的问题,揭示了新农村防震减灾规划体系要点,以供读者把握我国新农村规划建设的整体印象,在新农村规划中具有一定的理论价值和实际指导意义。     

我国能源消费误差修正模型研究——基于产业结构重型化视角的实证分析

近年来,重工业的重新发展是我国产业结构出现重型化特征,这极大地增加了我国的能源消费。为了分析产业结构重型化条件下我国能源消费发展趋势,文章以产业结构重型化为背景,建立了我国能源消费函数,并通过构建产业结构重型化条件下我国能源消费误差修正模型检验了我国能源消费与产业结构重型化之间的短期波动和长期均衡关系,认为产业结构重型化的形成和发展对我国能源消费具有正向促进作用,具体体现在：本期重工业产值每增加1%,不仅会使同期的能源消费总量增加1.80%、下期能源消费增加1.26%,还会使下下期的能源消费降低1.37%。最后,结合我国产业结构变化和能源消费实际,认为要降低能源消费就必须对经济发展模式和能源发展战略进行调整,使经济与能源协调发展。     

浅谈做好邳州市环境信访工作的对策和措施

概括了邳州近三年环境信访的基本情况,并对其特点和原因进行了分析,探讨了做好邳州环境信访工作的措施和几点建议.