A bibliometric and visualized analysis of research progress and frontiers on health effects caused by PM2.5

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the major air pollutants. A large number of epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that PM2.5...     

安徽典型硫铁矿集中开采区土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

为查明安徽某典型硫铁矿集中开采区周边土壤重金属元素污染特征及污染来源,采集了研究区42个表层土壤样品和2个垂向剖面的16个土壤样品测定其pH值及Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg和As重金属元素含量,运用ArcGIS反距离权重插值法、内梅罗综合指数法、主成分分析法和绝对因子得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）受体模型等方法进行了重金属元素分布特征分析、污染评价和来源解析.结果表明,土壤中8种重金属元素的含量平均值是铜陵地区背景值的1.03~13.14倍,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg和As这6种重金属元素局部富集明显,在空间分布上与采矿活动位置基本一致.单因子污染指数评价显示,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb和As这5种元素存在不同程度的污染风险,Cd和Cu元素污染程度最为严重,中度污染以上占比分别为47.62%和42.86%;内梅罗综合污染指数评价显示,研究区土壤样点中度污染以上占比为61.90%;地累积指数评价显示,研究区Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg和As这6种重金属元素污染程度主要为轻污染~强污染.在土壤剖面垂向变化上,重金属元素易在土壤表层富集,向深部迁移较缓慢,高含量主要在1 m以上位置.源解析表明,Zn、Pb和As的来源中地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率分别为37.82%、43.49%和46.63%,成土母质风化的自然来源贡献率分别为34.02%、40.88%和38.52%;Cr和Ni来源主要为成土母质风化的自然来源,贡献率分别为91.95%和73.68%;Cu的来源中地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率为41.91%,大气沉降和农业综合源贡献率为41.30%;Hg的来源较多,成土母质风化的自然来源贡献率为35.60%,地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率为29.87%,未知来源贡献率为34.05%;Cd的主要来源为大气沉降和农业综合源,贡献率为81.81%.     

环氧树脂材料的老化及防老化研究进展

重点阐述了关于环氧树脂的物理老化、热氧老化、湿热老化、光氧老化等老化行为及老化机理的国内外研究进展。结合环氧树脂老化的内外因及其老化作用机理,总结了添加有机小分子稳定剂或无机纳米粒子以及与聚合物共聚共混改性等老化防护方法的研究现状。指出了目前微观原位检测技术在环氧树脂老化机理研究上应用不足的问题,并对环氧树脂的老化防护方法进行了展望。     

基于相邻内腐蚀缺陷交互作用的油田注水管道剩余寿命研究

为研究内表面含多腐蚀缺陷的油田高压注水管道剩余寿命问题,采用现场腐蚀挂片试验得到注水管道内腐蚀速率并分析腐蚀缺陷分布规律,在此基础上通过有限元方法研究含不同尺寸的相邻内腐蚀缺陷管道的失效压力,得到油田注水管道的剩余寿命。结果表明,腐蚀缺陷深度越大,双腐蚀缺陷交互作用间距越大,当d/t≤0.4时,相邻腐蚀缺陷轴向间距的极限作用距离L_(lim)=2.0 mm;d/t≥0.6 mm时,极限作用距离L_(lim)2.0 mm;腐蚀缺陷越长,腐蚀缺陷之间交互作用越小,极限作用距离也越小。选取胜利油田8条注水管道为计算实例,可得管道的剩余寿命在1～5年范围内,其中2号和6号管道较为危险,在实际运行中应该加强关注和管理。     

安全生产法规标准识别问题分析与对策建议

针对安全生产法规标准获取、识别、转化、传达、评价工作中存在的渠道不畅、识别不规范、条款转化无序、信息传达表面化、符合性评价空洞等常见问题,梳理解析实用对策,提出识别-转化-评价双循环流程,"2清单3表单"信息链,以及条款转化率的正向、逆向查验方法.通过细化、规范工作环节,设计持续稳定的工作机制,全面提高法规标准识别质量,对企业依法办事,全面保障安全生产具有现实意义.     

黄海近岸大气降水中磷溶解度及其影响因素

于2020年6~9月在黄海近岸城市青岛采集31场降水69个样品,分析其中总磷（TP）、溶解态总磷（DTP）及溶解态无机磷（DIP）和有机磷（DOP）,探讨P浓度和溶解度的变化特征及其影响因素.降水中TP浓度为（6.2±1.0）μg/L,DTP浓度为（3.8±0.6）μg/L,P溶解度为（64.8±18.0）%.DTP中以DIP为主,其贡献为（56.5±21.6）%.降水中TP和DTP与降水量呈负幂指数关系,TP清除指数大于DTP.降水量<10mm时,降水对气溶胶P的清除和稀释作用显著影响降水中P浓度,但降水量>40mm时,这种作用对P浓度的影响不大.降水对气溶胶P的清除作用以云下清除为主,占总清除效率的70%~85%.酸化作用显著促进降水中颗粒态P溶解,且无机P溶解效率高于有机P.对降雨量<5mm及>30mm降水,pH值是影响P溶解度的主要因素,降水量和气团来源对P溶解度也有一定影响.当pH值相近时,降水量越大,P溶解度越高;当pH值相近且降水量<5mm时,海洋源贡献越大,P溶解度越高.对降水量5~30mm的降水,P溶解度受到降水量、pH值及气团来源等因素的共同影响.     

Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10^?7 to 5.75 × 10^?5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.     

差异化开展国土空间生态修复的思考

近年来,由于气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,生态系统承受了越来越大的压力。在一定程度上,这些压力改变了生态系统的结构和过程,降低了生态系统服务功能,对区域可持续发展形成了威胁。国土空间生态修复是推进生态文明建设的重大举措,也是应对以上生态系统问题的重要手段,我国已将其上升到国家战略的高度。但是,目前国土空间生态修复的相关研究尚缺乏系统的梳理,相关的国土空间生态修复工作也缺乏系统总结,不利于生态修复工作的深入开展。因此,亟需系统梳理我国生态修复相关工作的演进脉络,阐述不同时期国土空间生态修复目标、手段、区域的差异化,剖析当前我国开展国土空间生态修复工作遇到的问题,进而提出相关应对策略,以期裨益于我国新时期的国土空间生态修复工作。研究表明：（1）我国的生态修复研究经历了萌芽、早期实践及新时期国土空间生态修复的演进过程。各个时期生态修复目标、手段和区域的差异化明显。（2）当前,我国国土空间生态修复的主要问题是,生态方面的历史欠账多、现实矛盾多,生态系统功能问题较为突出,生态修复部门职责相对分散、履职较为矛盾,生态修复投入机制相对单一。（3）未来,应该分别依据生态问题时间维度、空间维度、行政与市场维度的差异化,分别开展有针对性的国土空间生态修复工作。     

亚洲大陆流出羽中气溶胶磷的来源解析

利用西风盛行时在青岛采集的总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品,分析其中总P （TP）和溶解态P （DP）浓度与气团后向轨迹的关系,采用正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）和潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）方法解析TP和DP的来源及其潜在贡献区域.结果表明：青岛气溶胶中TP主要来自地壳源的贡献（45%）;其次是机动车排放源（22%）、燃烧源（21%）和工业源（12%）;海盐源的贡献最小（<1%）.但DP主要来自人为源的贡献,其中机动车排放源的贡献为35%,燃烧源和/或二次源为28%、工业源为25%;地壳源和海盐源等自然源的贡献分别为9%和1%.相同来源的TP和DP其潜在贡献区域相似,但DP的贡献区域范围更广.地壳源P （TP和DP）的贡献区域集中在沙尘从源地向我国近海传输的路径上,海盐源P的贡献区域位于黄、渤海,工业源P的贡献区域主要为河南、山东以及蒙古国南部等地区,燃烧源/二次源P的主要贡献区域为山东南部和江苏北部区域,机动车排放源P的贡献区域则主要为北京、天津、山东、江苏等区域.     

Difference in calcium ion precipitation between free and immobilized Halovibrio mesolongii HMY2

Biomineralization has become a research focus in wastewater treatment due to its much lower costs compared to traditional methods. However, the low sodium chloride (NaCl)-tolerance of bacteria limits applications to only water with low NaCl concentrations. Here, calcium ions in hypersaline wastewater (10% NaCl) were precipitated by free and immobilized Halovibrio mesolongii HMY2 bacteria and the differences between them were determined. The results show that calcium ions can be transformed into several types of calcium carbonate with a range of morphologies, abundant organic functional groups (C-H, C-O-C, C=O, etc), protein secondary structures (β-sheet, α-helix, 3₁₀ helix, and β-turn), P=O and S-H indicated by P2p and S2p, and more negative δ¹³C_PDB (‰) values (-16.8‰ to -18.4‰). The optimal conditions for the immobilized bacteria were determined by doing experiments with six factors and five levels and using response surface method. Under the action of two groups of immobilized bacteria prepared under the optimal conditions, by the 10^th day, Ca²⁺ ion precipitation ratios had increased to 79%-89% and 80%-88% with changes in magnesium ion cencentrations. Magnesium ions can significantly inhibit the calcium ion precipitation, and this inhibitory effect can be decreased under the action of immobilized bacteria. Minerals induced by immobilized bacteria always aggregated together, had higher contents of Mg, P, and S, lower stable carbon isotope values and less well-developed protein secondary structures. This study demonstrates an economic and eco-friendly method for recycling calcium ions in hypersaline wastewater, providing an easy step in the process of desalination.