北京大气PM2.5遥感监测业务化方法探讨

为探索卫星遥感监测大气ρ(PM_2.5)业务化方法,以北京为例,利用2013年MODIS卫星资料和北京35个地面自动监测站(下称自动站)的实时观测数据,以目前国内外应用最广泛的3种卫星反演大气气溶胶的方法——AOD(气溶胶光学厚度)、K_drya,0(气溶胶干消光系数)和R_a(气溶胶表观反照率)反演地面ρ(PM_2.5)的方法(分别称为AOD法、K_drya,0法和R_a法)为基础,结合地面ρ(PM_2.5)实测数据,建立了气溶胶反演参数与ρ(PM_2.5)统计关系,进一步测算了全市区域ρ(PM_2.5)的分布情况.结果表明:3种方法都具有较高的反演精度,其获取的全年ρ(PM_2.5)与地面实测数据的相关系数分别达到0.80、0.81和0.85,其中R_a法结果精度最高.从季节来看,R_a法在除夏季外的其他季节与地面监测数据相关系数都在0.70以上,优于其他2种方法.建议在春、秋、冬三季以R_a法,夏季以AOD法或K_drya,0法为基础进行北京PM_2.5业务化遥感监测.基于R_a法探讨了在2013年11月20—23日区域性大气重污染过程中北京PM_2.5区域分布特征和变化过程,卫星反演结果相对误差低于20%,直观地反映了区域大气颗粒物污染的时空分布规律.研究显示,三者都可以用来反演北京地区ρ(PM_2.5),其中R_a法最简便易行,尤其适用于业务化遥感监测.      

Measurement of heterogeneous uptake of NO2 on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime

Heterogeneous reactions of NO₂ on different surfaces play an important role in atmospheric NO_x removal and HONO formation, having profound impacts on photochemistry in polluted urban areas. Previous studies have suggested that the NO₂ uptake on the ground or aerosol surfaces could be a dominant source for elevated HONO during the daytime. However, the uptake behavior of NO₂ varies with different surfaces, and different uptake coefficients were used or derived in different studies. To obtain a more holistic picture of heterogeneous NO₂ uptake on different surfaces, a series of laboratory experiments using different flow tube reactors was conducted, and the NO₂ uptake coefficients (γ) were determined on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime. The results showed that heterogeneous reactions on those surfaces were generally weak in dark conditions, with the measured γ varied from <10^?8 to 3.2 × 10^?7 under different humidity. A photo-enhanced uptake of NO₂ on urban grime was observed, with the obvious formation of HONO and NO from the heterogeneous reaction. The photo-enhanced γ was measured to be 1.9 × 10^?6 at 5% relative humidity (RH) and 5.8 × 10^?6 at 70% RH on urban grime, showing a positive RH dependence for both NO₂ uptake and HONO formation. The results demonstrate an important role of urban grime in the daytime NO₂-to-HONO conversion, and could be helpful to explain the unknown daytime HONO source in the polluted urban area.     

实验室模拟研究硫酸铵和甘氨酸对乙醇醛与胺反应体系生成棕碳的影响

二次有机气溶胶是有机气溶胶的重要组成部分。大气中羰基化合物与胺/铵反应可以产生吸光性有机气溶胶（如棕碳）,对大气辐射和全球气候产生深刻影响。本文模拟研究了大气中硫酸铵和甘氨酸对乙醇醛与胺（如甲胺、甘氨酸）反应生成棕碳的影响。通过对反应溶液紫外—可见吸收光谱和反应动力学分析,发现硫酸铵对反应体系棕碳的生成起抑制作用,而甘氨酸和甲胺的混合可以协同促进棕碳生成;通过对产物进行质谱分析,发现反应机理主要为半缩醛/缩醛反应以及含氮化合物的亲核加成;通过对产物有机碳进行分析,发现当硫酸铵参与反应时,有利于大分子二次有机碳生成。这些发现对棕碳在大气中的形成途径、乙醇醛在化学模型中对棕碳形成的贡献以及对大气中其他羰基行为的预测具有重要意义。     

Size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and secondary formation at Mount Heng in South Central China

To understand the size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and the factors influencing secondary aerosol formation in the upper boundary layer in South Central China, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposit irnpactor （MOUDI） in spring 2009 at the summit of Mount Heng （1269 m asl）, followed by subsequent laboratory analyses of 13 inorganic and organic water-soluble ions. During non- dust-storm periods, the average PM1.8 concentration was 41.8 μg·m^-3, contributing to 55% of the PM10. Sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium, the dominant ions in the fine particles, amounted to 46.8% of the PM1.8. Compared with Mount Tai in the North China Plain, the concentrations of both fine and coarse particles and the ions contained therein were substantially lower. When the air masses from Southeast Asia prevailed, intensive biomass burning there led to elevated concentrations of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, potassium, and chloride in the fine particles at Mount Heng. The air masses originating from the north Gobi brought heavy dust storms that resulted in the remarkable production of sulfates, ammonium, methane sulfonic acid, and oxalates in the coarse particles. Generally, the sulfates were primarily produced in the form of （NH4）2SO4 in the droplet mode via heterogeneous aqueous reactions. Only approximately one-third of the nitrates were distributed in the fine mode, and high humidity facilitated the secondary formation of fine nitrates. The heterogeneous formation of coarse nitrates and ammonium on dry alkaline dust surfaces was found to be less efficient than that on the coarse particles during non-dust-storm periods.     

纳米TiO2水悬浮液对大肠杆菌生长的影响

为了考察纳米TiO2(<100nm)水悬浮液对典型环境微生物--革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌生长的影响,制备并表征了水中分散的平均粒径和含量分别为74.3nm、1.5 mg·L-1(样品1)和82.2nm、3.1 mg·L-1(样品2)的2种纳米TiO2水悬浮液,并在有、无紫外光照条件下进行细菌培养实验.实验结果显示,在无紫外光照条件下,2个样品对大肠杆菌的生长均有抑制作用,在大肠杆菌生长稳定期,样品1和样品2分别使OD600值平均下降0.03和0.11;单独紫外光照可对大肠杆菌生长产生抑制作用,使OD600值平均下降0.04,而同样紫外光照剂量下样品2可使OD600值平均下降0.18,显示出纳米TiO2对大肠杆菌生长的协同抑制作用.     

哈尔滨市采暖与非采暖期大气颗粒物污染特性研究

为了研究采暖对哈尔滨市大气颗粒物环境特征的影响,分别在采暖前、采暖期和采暖后采集TSP、PM10和PM2.5.分析了3种粒径颗粒物在采暖期和非采暖期的浓度变化特征以及粒径分布特征,并做了颗粒物的化学成分分析,包括20种无机元素和两种碳成分.结果表明:TSP和PM10在12月、1月、3月和4月均超标,而在非采暖期均达到国...     

采暖期大气颗粒物PM1.0和PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征

为了解采暖期大气PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子污染特征,采集哈尔滨市2014年11月至2015年3月采暖期PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)的样品,进而分析其中的水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)的质量浓度。结果表明:PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中的水溶性离子具有相同的变化趋势。采暖期间PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中9种水溶性离子质量浓度总和分别为25.4~60.7μg/m~3和38.8~78.0μg/m~3。在PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中NH+4、NO-3、SO2-4占比较高,而F-、Mg2+占比较低。PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中9种水溶性离子质量浓度均为夜间大于白天。在PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中,Mg2+和NH+4、F-和Cl-呈显著相关,说明它们来自相似的污染源,在PM_(1.0)中的K+和Ca2+显著相关,故它们受相似的污染源的影响。根据酸度与各离子的相关性,得出SO2-4和NH+4是控制大气颗粒物酸碱性的主要离子。另外,气象因素对PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)的浓度有影响。     

15株微藻对猪场养殖污水中氮磷的净化及其细胞营养分析

在实验室条件下调查了15株淡水微藻在猪场养殖污水中的生长性能、细胞组成及各微藻对污水中氮磷的去除效果.结果表明:15株微藻均可有效降低猪场养殖污水中的氮磷含量,但不同藻株对污水中不同形态氮的去除效果差异明显.多棘栅藻(Scenedesmus spinosus)SHOUF7、多棘栅藻(S.spinosus)SHOU-F8和四尾栅藻(S.quadricanda)SHOU-F35去除总氮效果最佳.多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8和斜生栅藻(S.obliquus)SHOU-F21去除硝态氮效果最好,最大去除率可达到100%.椭圆小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea)SHOU-F3、单生卵囊藻(Oocystis solitaria)SHOU-F5和四球藻(Tetrachlorella alternans)SHOU-F24去除氨态氮效果最好,最大去除率为97.82%.各株微藻对污水中总磷的去除率均很高,可达91.00%以上.利用猪场养殖污水培养的各株微藻细胞蛋白含量及脂肪酸组成差异显著,蛋白含量最高的为椭圆小球藻(Ch.ellipsoidea)SHOU-F3(43.90%),含量最低的为多棘栅藻SHOU-F8(23.87%);16∶0和18∶3n3在各株微藻中含量均较丰富.多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8、淡水小球藻(Chlorella sp.)SHOU-F19和针形纤维藻(A.acicularis)SHOU-F120的脂肪酸甲酯的理论烷基值超过47.因此,多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8和四尾栅藻SHOU-F35是净化猪场养殖污水的优良藻株,其中,多棘栅藻SHOU-F8是猪场养殖污水净化耦合微藻生物柴油生产的合适藻株.     

油田污水资源化利用的处理工艺技术与管理措施

对近年来中国石化各油田开展的污水回用处理试验情况进行了总结,分析了存在的问题和原因,给出了油田污水资源化利用处理工艺技术选择应考虑的因素,也提出了一些管理方面的建议。     

Pollution characteristics and toxic effects of PM1.0 and PM2.5 in Harbin,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In 2019, PM2.5 and PM1.0 samples were collected in Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China, to research their mass concentration, number...