正常污泥和膨胀污泥中EPS膜污染特性及其与膜表面作用能分析

胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)是导致膜污染的重要物质,且不同形态污泥的EPS具有不同的性质,研究正常污泥和膨胀污泥的EPS膜污染特性具有重要意义.因此,实验考察了正常污泥和膨胀污泥的膜污染速率.结果表明,膨胀污泥膜污染速率远高于正常污泥,膨胀污泥EPS(Bulking sludge-EPS,BS-EPS)浓度((172.9±10.4) mg·g-1)明显高于正常污泥EPS(Normal sludge-EPS,NS-EPS)浓度((95.9±6 6) mg·g-1),且膨胀污泥的蛋白质/多糖(Protein/Carbohydrate,P/C)值(2.26)高于正常污泥的P/C值(1 97)此外,通过序批式吸附实验研究了正常污泥和膨胀污泥的EPS膜污染差异,并基于Derjaguine-Landaue-Verweye-Overbeek (XDLVO)理论计算了EPS与PVDF膜表面之间的作用能结果表明,EPS-膜系统的总界面能为负值,即EPS-膜系统之间会发生自吸附行为,而膜与BS-EPS的总界面能(-63.943mJ.m2)较膜与NS-EPS(-56.366 mJ·m2)具有较高的能量,因此,BS-EPS与膜的吸附力较强;NS-EPS和BS-EPS主要能量壁垒分别为8.89 kT和7.51 kT,表明NS-EPS与膜之间的排斥力更强,因而BS-EPS更容易造成膜污染     

修复达标土壤回填对地下水环境影响的层次化评估方法应用研究

以含1,2-二氯乙烷等10种有机物污染土壤异位修复后回填为例,采用层次化方法评估将按原厂址健康风险评价确定的修复目标进行达标修复后的土壤回填对回填区地下水下游700 m处饮用水井水质的影响.第一层次预测结果显示8种污染物在回填土层淋溶液中的浓度将超过评价标准,可能对目标水井水质造成污染.考虑回填区非饱和带土壤的吸附截留进行第二层次评价的结果显示,到达回填区地下水水面处浓度依然超过评价标准的污染物降低至6种,不能排除对目标水井的水质影响.进一步考虑地下水混合稀释进行第三层次评估的结果显示,经地下水混合稀释后,超过评价标准的污染物降低至4种.最后,考虑饱和带吸附截留作用进行第四层次评估的结果显示,目标水井中超过评估标准的污染物仅1种.由此可见,随着评估层次的不断深入,虽然所需开展的工作及获取的场地参数增加,但是污染物预测浓度更接近目标预测点的浓度,需调整修复目标的污染物数量逐渐减少,污染防治成本将逐渐降低.     

有序介孔碳载金/L-赖氨酸/纳米金修饰电极的制备及其对邻苯二酚、对苯二酚的检测响应研究

通过化学还原的方法合成有序介孔碳负载纳米金粒子,并构筑有序介孔碳载金/L-赖氨酸/纳米金复合膜修饰玻碳电极;利用扫描电镜观察介孔碳和介孔碳复合膜的微观结构,并用循环伏安法、电化学阻抗谱表征自组装电极的过程.在此基础上用差分脉冲伏安法研究对苯二酚和邻苯二酚混合物在该电极上的电催化氧化,研制了一种基于有序介孔碳载金/L-赖氨酸/纳米金复合膜修饰电极分别检测对苯二酚和邻苯二酚的传感器.在最优的实验条件下,该传感器在对苯二酚和邻苯二酚浓度为1×10-6～8×10-4mol·L-1的范围内具有良好的线性关系,检出限分别为3×10-7mol·L-1、7×10-7mol·L-1.     

四环素抗性基因在人工湿地中的去除及累积

以垂直潜流人工湿地系统为试验装置,考察了猪场养殖废水中四环素类抗生素抗性基因(tetW、tetM和tetO)在人工湿地中的去除及累积情况.结果表明,养猪废水中的3种抗性基因均有检出且含量较高,tetW、tetM和tetO的平均绝对含量分别为1.07×1010、4.03×1010和4.92×1010copies.L-1.通过湿地系统处理后,水体中抗生素抗性基因绝对拷贝数和相对表达量均明显降低,tetW、tetM和tetO的平均去除率分别为95.73%、92.21%和95.05%.在系统运行末期,湿地表层土壤和底层土壤中tetW、tetM和tetO的绝对拷贝数和相对表达量均有明显的升高,并且抗性基因在表层土壤中的累积水平高于底层土壤.因此,人工湿地系统可有效降低养猪废水中抗生素抗性基因的绝对及相对含量水平,系统的运行条件可对抗生素抗性基因在湿地系统中的积累产生影响.     

含铬废水的处理技术及机理简述

介绍了废水中六价铬的来源及存在形态,以及处理含铬废水的物理、物化、化学及生物等各种工艺,并对各种工艺的机理和优缺点进行分析,展望含铬废水的治理前景。     

Biodegradation of 2-methylquinoline by Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D isolated from activated sludge

Bacterial strain Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D capable of utilizing 2-methylquinoline as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from acclimated activated sludge under denitrifying conditions. The ability to degrade 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was investigated under denitrifying conditions. Under optimal conditions of temperature (35℃) and initial pH 7, 2-methylquinoline of 100 mg/L was degraded within 176 hr. The degradation of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D could be well described by the Haldane model (R² > 0.91). During the degradation period of 2-methylquinoline (initial concentration 100 mg/L), nitrate was almost completely consumed (the removal efficiency was 98.5%), while nitrite remained at low concentration (< 0.62 mg/L) during the whole denitrification period. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-methylquinoline, 4-ethyl-benzenamine, N-butyl-benzenamine, N-ethyl-benzenamine and 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine were metabolites produced during the degradation. The degradation pathway of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was proposed. 2-Methylquinoline is initially hydroxylated at C-4 to form 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline, and then forms 2-methyl-4-quinolinol as a result of tautomerism. Hydrogenation of the heterocyclic ring at positions 2 and 3 produces 2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-4-quinolinol. The carbon-carbon bond at position 2 and 3 in the heterocyclic ring may cleave and form 2-ethyl-N-ethyl-benzenamine. Tautomerism may result in the formation of 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine and N-butyl-benzenamine. 4-Ethyl-benzenamine and N-ethyl-benzenamine were produced as a result of losing one ethyl group from the above molecules.     

循环半干法技术净化垃圾焚烧炉尾气

垃圾焚烧已在全国各地兴起,人们一直对其引起的大气污染问题十分关注,其中尾部烟气净化是防治大气污染的最重要环节,分析了富春环保热电股份有限公司的垃圾焚烧炉循环半干法烟气净化工艺、设计指标、运行效果。     

闽南城市区域空气中挥发性有机物的污染特征

采用美国EPA TO-15的方法,研究了2011年3月份闽南城市区域空气中VOCs的含量及其污染特征。结果表明:1)漳州工业区空气的VOCs浓度为200.5μg/m3,污染较为严重;厦门交通干道VOCs浓度为74.0μg/m3,泉州商住区的VOCs浓度77.1μg/m3,污染较轻。2)漳州工业区采样点TOP5占TVOCs的比例最高,达77.3%;厦门交通干道与泉州商住区两采样点的TOP5占TVOCs的比例相近,分别为64.1%和62.0%。在所有的采样点中出现的TOP5组分比较集中,主要包括甲苯、苯、二氯甲烷、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、1,1-二氯乙烯、萘等。3)机动车尾气的排放、工业溶剂的挥发和废气排放可能是厦漳泉三地大气VOCs的主要排放源。4)厦漳泉的BTEX主要来源于汽车尾气和汽油挥发;其中厦门和泉州BTEX浓度相比较处在较低污染水平,漳州处在中等水平。     

Characterization of typical taste and odor compounds formed by Microcystis aeruginosa

Production and characteristics of typical taste and odor (T&O) compounds by Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated. A few terpenoid chemicals, including 2-MIB, β-cyclocitral, and β-ionone, and a few sulfur compounds, such as dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, were detected. β-Cyclocitral and β-carotene concentrations were observed to be relevant to the growth phases of Microcystis. During the stable growth phase, 41-865 fg/cell of β-cyclocitral were found in the laboratory culture. β-Cyclocitral concentrations correlated closely with β-carotene concentrations, with the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.96, as it is formed from the cleavage reaction of β-carotene. For dead cell cases, a high concentration of dimethyl trisulfide was detected at 3.48-6.37 fg/cell. Four T&O compounds, including β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, heptanal and dimethyl trisulfide, were tested and found to be able to inhibit and damage Microcystis cells to varying degrees. Among these chemicals, β-cyclocitral has the strongest ability to quickly rupture cells.     

船舶大气污染排放的研究进展

船舶是大气污染的重要来源,其排放的NOx占化石燃料源的15%左右,SO2占人为源的4%~9%。国内外从3个方向开展对船舶大气污染的研究:(1)对大气气候影响;(2)源清单计算;(3)排放因子测量。船舶排放的多种污染物可改变空气质量;对大气辐射收支产生直接和间接影响;对海洋大气的成云效应产生影响。船舶源清单主要有2种计算方法:基于燃料消耗的方法,适用于长时间大尺度计算;基于船舶活动情况的方法,适用于高空间分辨率计算。排放因子测量有台架试验和空中烟羽测量2种方法:前者测量结果准确,条件设定自由;后者可行性高,并能提供颗粒物增长转化信息。国内研究尚处于起步阶段,需要建立完整的船舶排放清单,开展排放因子的测试和修正工作。