长江口及其邻近海域沉积物重金属分布特征和环境质量评价

利用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物细颗粒组分(<63ìm)的重金属,平均含量为As10.47 mg·kg-1、Cd 0.19 mg·kg-1、Cu 37.68 mg·kg-1、Pb 36.86 mg·kg-1、Cr 97.80 mg·kg-1、Zn 98.65 mg·kg-1.空间分布上,As、Cd和Cu含量随着离岸距离的增大有递减的趋势,Pb、Cr和zn含量变化不显著,调查海区南部海域的晕金属含量普遍比北部海域高.单因子污染评价显示.调查海域底质局部已经受到了As、Cu、Ph、Cr和Zn的中度污染,而Cd的影响较轻微.依据沉积物质量基准(SQGs)对本区沉积物环境质量评价表明,大部分站位As、Cu和Cr 3种重金属的含量位于效应浓度低值(ERL)和效应浓度中值(ERM)之间,只是偶尔产生不利的生物效应;Cd、Pb、Zn 3种重金属的含量都低于ERL或大部分站位低于ERL,几乎不会产生不利的生物效应.对底质综合环境质量进行的因子分析和系统聚类分析结果显示,长江口外和杭州湾外近海海域的综合底质环境较差,应引起重视.     

Effects of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid accumulation and process performance in the anaerobic digestion of two typical bio-wastes

The effect of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid(VFA)accumulation and process instability was studied using a lab-scale anaerobic digester fed by two typical bio-wastes:fruit and vegetable waste(FVW)and food waste(FW)at 35°C with an organic loading rate(OLR)of 3.0 kg VS/(m~3·day). The inhibitory effects of free ammonia on methanogenesis were observed due to the low C/N ratio of each substrate(15.6 and 17.2,respectively). A high concentration of free ammonia inhibited methanogenesis resulting in the accumulation of VFAs and a low methane yield. In the inhibited state,acetate accumulated more quickly than propionate and was the main type of accumulated VFA. The co-accumulation of ammonia and VFAs led to an "inhibited steady state" and the ammonia was the main inhibitory substance that triggered the process perturbation. By statistical significance test and VFA fluctuation ratio analysis,the free ammonia inhibition threshold was identified as 45 mg/L. Moreover,propionate,iso-butyrate and valerate were determined to be the three most sensitive VFA parameters that were subject to ammonia inhibition.     

基于LiDAR、SRTM DEM的祁连山黑河流域十一冰川2000-2012年物质平衡估算

以祁连山黑河流域十一冰川为例,利用机载三维激光扫描数据（Light Detection And Ranging, LiDAR）和SRTM DEM数据,在LiDAR点云数据预处理、高程数据配准、校正、误差评估的基础上,建立基于大地测量法的冰川物质平衡计算流程。表明：2000-2012年十一冰川冰面高程变化为-7.47±0.92βm,变化率为-0.62±0.08 m·a^-1,估算十一冰川的年均物质平衡为 -0.53±0.07βm w.e.,累积物质平衡为-6.35±0.78βm w.e.,折合水当量约为（330.4±40.8）×10^4βm³;与其他典型监测冰川物质平衡进行对比和分析,论证了估算结果的可靠性;LiDAR数据具有非常高的精度和空间分辨率,目前关于其在冰川物质平衡研究中的应用很少,论文尝试将其应用于冰川物质平衡变化研究中,具有广阔的发展前景。     

长江上游径流量变化及其与影响因子关系分析

利用长江上游直门达水文站1963～2001年径流量及同期该流域气象资料,分析了长江上游径流量变化规律及其影响因子。研究表明:近40年来长江上游径流量呈减少趋势,其中以秋季径流量减少最为明显;长江上游流域夏季降水量减少、年平均气温升高和蒸发增大引起的气候干旱化趋势是造成径流量减少的主要原因,其中降水量是影响径流量的最主要因子;夏季降水量的减少与秋季径流量的减少关系密切,而秋季径流量的减少最终影响到了年径流量的减少。     

Evaluation of solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ethyl lactate/water versus ethanol/water mixtures for contaminated soil remediation applications

Solubility data of recalcitrant contaminants in cosolvents is essential to determine their potential applications in enhanced soil remediation. The solubilities of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene in ethyl lactate/water and ethanol/water mixtures were measured using equilibrium techniques. The cosolvency powers derived from solubility data were then applied to the model developed from the solvophobic approach to predict the capability of ethyl lactate and ethanol in enhancing the desorption of contaminants from soils. Both ethyl lactate and ethanol cosolvents were shown to be able to enhance the solubilisation of the tested four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by > 4 orders of magnitude above the levels obtained with water alone. However, ethyl lactate demonstrated a greater capacity to enhance PAH solubility than ethanol. The cosolvency powers of ethyl lactate/water system obtained from the end-to-end slope (σ) and the end-to-half slope (σ_0.5) of the solubilisation curve were 1.0--1.5 and 2.0--2.9 higher than ethanol/water system respectively. In line with this, ethyl lactate/water was demonstrated to enhance the desorption of contaminants from soil by 20%--37% and 18%--61% higher compared to ethanol/water system in low organic content and high organic content soils respectively, with a 2:1 (V/W) ratio of solution:soil and with cosolvent fraction as low as 0.4. With the exception of benzo[a]pyrene, the experimental desorption results agreed fairly with the predicted values, under an applied solution:soil ratio that was enough to hold the capacity of released contaminants.     

低温水处理中的膜法工艺

低温水处理一直是膜法水处理工艺中的难题,着重讨论目前膜法工艺中的反渗透膜和超滤膜在低温水处理方面的探索研究.其中反渗透工艺采取的措施主要有加温加压,增加膜数量,采用较合适的预处理方法等.超滤处理低温低浊水具有较好的效果,如果和混凝结合效果更好.     

Ca~(2+)与Pb~(2+)相互作用对斑马鱼胚胎毒性效应的影响

为探明Ca2+浓度增加是否会使鱼类早期发育阶段对铅毒性的敏感性升高,以及Ca2+单独减弱铅毒性的浓度范围,选用斑马鱼胚胎作为实验材料,记录在不同的水化学参数条件下,胚胎发育过程中一些具有代表性的毒理学终点,采用相对易于观察且敏感的指标--72 h孵化率进行分析.用Visual MINTEQ2.5.2软件进行溶液中离子的化学形态分析.结果表明,当Ca2+浓度从0.25 mmol/L增加到2.00 mmol/L时,导致了以自由铅离子活度({Pb2+})和溶解态铅总浓度([Pb] T)表示的72 h EC 50的增加(表现为发育延迟),两者之间存在良好的线性关系.通过这一线性关系,可以对Ca2+浓度对铅毒性的影响进行预测.这一结果支持了生物配体模型(BLM)概念的假设,说明在胚胎的表面,铅离子与钙离子可能在传输和毒性作用位点上存在竞争作用.而当Ca2+浓度从2.00 mmol/L增加到4.00 mmol/L时,72 h EC 50 {Pb2+}和72 h EC 50 [Pb] T并没有显著的增加.     

FIA技术在水质监测分析中的应用

通过使用Lachat流动注射分析仪测定环境水样中的四个常规项目总磷、总氮、挥发酚和总氰来介绍兀A技术在水质分析领域的应用。实验结果表明,各项目的标样测定值均在保证值范围之内,相对标准偏差在0．2％-3．7％之间。方法的精密度及准确度较好,加标回收率在91％-102％之间,满足水质监测实验室质量控制的要求。     

改性锯末吸附含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的实验研究

初步探讨了以改性后的锯末作为吸附剂去除废水中的Cr（Ⅵ）,实验表明改性锯末对于不同浓度的含Cr（Ⅵ）废水都具有较高的去除率。同时通过实验研究了pH值、吸附时间、吸附剂量、初始浓度等因素对吸附去除率的影响。     

福建省河流枯水径流的自然地理环境影响研究

选取福建省内22个受人类影响和自然条件改变均较小的水文站控制流域,应用3S技术,对各流域的面积、河长、河流平均坡度、形状系数、植被覆盖率、流域平均坡度、平均高程、年均降水量等地理环境要素进行了定量分析;对22个水文站的年最小月流量及多年平均值、变差系数和年极值比进行了统计分析;应用多元回归模型,建立了多年平均年最小月流量与地理环境要素间的关系。研究表明,福建省河流枯水径流流量年际变化不大,枯水径流流量与流域面积和流域平均坡度显著相关,复相关系数达到 0.994;该模型可用于福建省类似条件无资料地区的枯水径流研究。