Monitoring and reporting attacks on education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Somalia

The United Nations' Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism is charged with documenting six grave violations against children in a time of conflict, including attacks on schools. Many of these incidents, however, remain unreported across the globe. This study explores whether or not a local knowledge base of education and child protection actors in North and South Kivu Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in Mogadishu, Somalia, could contribute to a more complete record of attacks on education in those areas. Hundreds of semi‐structured interviews were conducted with key informants across the three settings, and in total 432 attacks on education were documented. Purposive samples of these reports were verified and a large majority was confirmed. Local non‐governmental organisations and education institutions were most knowledgeable about these incidents, but most never reported them to a monitoring authority. The study concludes that attack surveillance and response were largely insufficient, and recommends investing in mechanisms that utilise local knowledge to address these shortcomings.     

哈尼梯田地区农户粮食作物种植结构及驱动力分析

哈尼稻作梯田系统作为全球重要农业文化遗产（GIAHS）,具有极高的生态、经济、文化价值。近年来,以粮食产量增长为导向的农耕技术和作物品种单一化趋势,给哈尼梯田地区带来了严重的生态和食品安全问题。论文以农户生产行为作为切入点,从主要粮食作物的经济效益、耕地资源特征、村落发展类型、农户的家庭特征与资源禀赋进行实证研究,分析了哈尼梯田地区农户粮食作物种植结构现状及驱动因素。结果表明：1）调查涉及的41.23 hm²有效耕地中,按种植总面积排序,杂交稻、玉米、水果类作物位居前三。2）本地传统粮食作物--梯田红米,种植总面积和户均种植面积远小于经济效益较高的杂交稻和兼有饲料用途的玉米。同时,农户倾向于将其种植在质量较差、海拔较高的耕地上。3）作物的经济效益和耕地海拔及质量对替代性作物（如杂交稻和红米）的种植选择影响较大;个体农户层面上,农户特征与资源禀赋在不同程度上对不同作物的种植选择产生影响。     

喷漆房循环水处理系统维护与管理

介绍了汽车涂装过程喷漆房典型的循环水处理系统,比较各种不同的油漆凝聚产品特性,总结了油漆凝聚产品的使用特点,也对循环水系统的维护,循环水的监测与管理过程中的细节等进行了阐述。在维护和管理过程中,首先需要选择合适的油漆凝聚产品,其次需要根据具体的情况正确地使用油漆凝聚产品,特别是要注意根据漆渣和循环水状态进行相应调整,及时完成喷漆房和循环系统的维护和清理工作。这样才能保证水的循环使用,实现喷房系统的正常运行。     

多级A/OVTBR组合工艺处理焦化废水

采用水解酸化、多级A/O垂直折流生物膜反应器(vertical tubulant biological reactor,VTBR)、混凝和Fenton氧化组合技术对实际焦化废水进行处理。其中水解酸化预处理阶段提高了废水可生化性,混凝降低了生化处理的有机负荷,一级A/O VTBR以脱碳为主,二级A/O VTBR主要脱碳和脱氮,三级好氧VTBR强化对氨氮的去除,Fenton氧化则对生化出水进行深度处理。试验结果表明:在进水ρ(COD)为3 000～3 500 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为1 212 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为109 mg/L条件下,保持好氧段ρ(DO)为3～7 mg/L,缺氧段ρ(DO)<1 mg/L,总停留时间HRT 56 h,该工艺对COD、BOD5、NH3-N的去除率分别为98%、99%、95%,出水达GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准。     

Species and distribution of rare earth elements in the Baotou section of the Yellow River in China

This paper analyses the contents and species distributions of rare earth elements (REEs) in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section of the Yellow River, China, with known anthropogenic REE input from industrial discharges. The major forms of REEs were suspended and dissolved in the mainstream and the tributaries of the Baotou section, respectively. The concentrations of the dissolved and suspended REEs had the same trends in the overlying water along the mainstream, which increased from the Seqi section (site A) to the mouth of the Sidaosha River (site D), reaching a maximum value at site D, and tending to decrease thereafter. The contents of REEs in sediment cores showed enrichment with light rare earth elements (LREEs). The bound to carbonates and to Fe–Mn oxides are the major forms of REE in the secondary phase and the REE exhibited LREE enrichment pattern and moderate Eu depletion in suspended particulates and surface sediments. The contents and species distributions of REEs in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section suggest that the anthropogenic source of REEs from Baotou city have enhanced REE accumulation to the Baotou section. This information is important for predicting possible pollution resulting from anthropogenic REE input into rivers.     

Validation of Methods for Determination of Metabolic Rate in the Edholm Scale and ISO 8996

The aim of this study was to validate the Edholm scale (Edholm, 1966) and the ISO 8996 standard (International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 1990) by comparing the metabolic rates estimated for both methods with the actual measured metabolic rate (M_Meas) in 6 manual material handling tasks simulated under laboratory conditions. The metabolic rate was calculated from oxygen consumption VO₂ (19 participants) according to Standard No. ISO 8996 (ISO, 1990). Additionally, the participants estimated perceived exertion using the Borg scale. The metabolic rates derived from the Edholm scale (M_Edh) overestimated 5 of 6 activities by 34-50% (α = .05). The metabolic rates derived from ISO 8996 (M_ISO) overestimated all activities by 7-38% (α =.05).     

Solubility of ion and trace metals from stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and alkaline mine tailing

Stabilized sewage sludge （SS） by fly ash （FA） and alkaline mine tailing as artificial soil, to be applied on the ecological rehabilitation at mining junkyards, offers a potentially viable utilization of the industrial by-product, as well as solves the shortage of soil resource in the mine area. An incubation experiment with different ratios of SS and FA was conducted to evaluate the solubility of ions and trace elements from stabilized sewage sludge. Results showed that fly ash offset a decrease in pH value of sewage sludge. The pH of （C） treatment （FA：SS = 1：1） was stable and tended to neutrality. The SO4^2- and Cl^- concentrations of the solution in the mixture were significantly decreased in the stabilized sewage sludge by alkaline fly ash and mine tailing, compared to the single SS treatment. Stabilized sewage sludge by FA weakened the nitrification of total nitrogen from SS when the proportion of FA in the mixture was more than 50%. The Cr, Ni, and Cu concentrations in the solution were gradually decreased and achieved a stable level after 22 days, for all treatments over the duration of the incubation. Moreover stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and/or mine tailing notably decreased the trace metal solubility. The final Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations in the solution for all mixtures of treatments were lower than 2.5, 15, and 50 μg/L, respectively.     

Distribution and source of microplastics in China's second largest reservoir - Danjiangkou Reservoir

Fresh water microplastic pollution is of pressing concern globally, but its distribution and sources in reservoirs are poorly documented. Danjiangkou Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and is divided into the Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir. In this work, microplastic abundances and morphological characteristics of the reservoir were investigated. The microplastic abundance of 15 main tributaries of the reservoir was also measured. The vertical distribution (in water column and sediment), horizontal distribution (in Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir) and source of microplastics were analyzed. Microplastics accumulated in the middle layer of the reservoir, and the size and color of the microplastic particles changed from the surface to the bottom, which implies that surveys of surface water are not enough to determine the microplastic contamination for deep water reservoirs. In the surface water, the microplastic abundance in the Han Reservoir was lower than that in the Dan Reservoir (p < 0.05), but microplastic abundance did not differ significantly in the intermediate and bottom water. Tributaries were one of the main sources of microplastics for Han Reservoir but not for Dan Reservoir. Agricultural cultivation in the hydro-fluctuation belt might be an important source of microplastics in the Dan Reservoir, which should be given additional attention. The results of this study can provide valuable information for developing microplastic sampling strategies in deep water reservoirs. Further studies are recommended to investigate the process through which microplastics in the hydro-fluctuation belt enter the reservoir and the sinking behavior of microplastics in the reservoir.     

大气污染物指纹系统构建及在污染溯源中的应用

基于污染物检测特征信息结合区域产业结构、企业布局等信息构建了大气污染物指纹系统,通过污染物检测特征信息构建的第一级指纹数据库实现了对大气特征污染物的识别和污染物应急处置措施的推送;通过污染源行业及其排放的特征污染物信息构建的第二级指纹数据库实现了产排污行业的溯源;通过企业及其产排污信息,结合气象条件构建的第三级指纹数据库实现了对产排污企业的溯源。基于大气污染物指纹数据库的污染溯源技术为突发环境污染事故中污染物质的识别和污染源的追踪提供了新途径。实际应用验证表明,大气污染物指纹系统污染溯源响应快速、识别精准,实现了大气污染物从监测、溯源到应急处置的全过程无缝衔接。     

编码水稻胞外核苷酸双磷酸酶基因的表达特性

NTPDase(Nucleoside triphosphate-diphosphohydrolase,核苷酸双磷酸酶)在哺乳动物巾分布于细胞膜,可以水解细胞外ATP和其他核苷酸,从而调控胞外核苷酸代谢及信号应答.根据水稻NTPD基因序列设计引物,在不同胁迫条件样品中,通过PCR扩增水稻NTPD基因,结果表明水稻NTPD基因表达水平在盐胁迫样品中升高.为进一步分析水稻NTPD基因的功能,构建了该基因的过量表达、RNA干涉载体,通过根癌农杆菌介导转入水稻品种日本晴并获得阳性植株.半定量RT-PCR分析达到过量表达和干涉日的.在盐胁迫条件下,TO代过表达转基因植株表现出一定程度的抗胁迫能力,RNA干涉转基因植株的生长则受到抑制.图7表3参20