炼油厂废水处理站挥发性羰基化合物成分谱研究

选取广东某大型炼油厂废水处理站进行现场采样,采用PFPH衍生化-GC/MS联用技术分析挥发性羰基化合物(oVOCs)的组成特征和含量水平,研究了其源排放特征、化学反应活性.结果表明,在该废水处理站大气中共检测出20种挥发性羰基化合物,各化合物的浓度范围为0～68.80μg.m-3,各废水处理单元oVOCs总浓度均值为(253.02±124.5)μg.m-3.背景校正后的质量浓度表明,各废水处理单元的大气中14种挥发性羰基化合物均占到总含量的90%以上,其中己醛含量最高,浓度均值达到(44.74±20.89)μg.m-3,其次是2-丁酮和乙醛,浓度均值分别达到(30.47±12.94)μg.m-3、(23.51±14.57)μg.m-3.通过计算化学活性和大气寿命筛选出分子标志物,并建立了废水处理站的oVOCs源成分谱.     

活性炭对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)、As(Ⅲ)的吸附

考察了单组分和混合组分条件下温度和pH对活性炭吸附废水中Cr(Ⅵ)、As(Ⅲ)的影响,实验结果表明:在单组分条件时,活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳吸附温度和pH为35℃和2.00,对As(Ⅲ)的最佳吸附温度和pH为30℃和6.00;在混合组分条件时,溶液中的As(Ⅲ)对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附有一定的抑制作用,随着As(Ⅲ)质量浓度的增加,对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的抑制作用增大;溶液中有Cr(Ⅵ)时,As(Ⅲ)的吸附量增大,但随着Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度的增加As(Ⅲ)的吸附量减小。pH和温度对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)或As(Ⅲ)的吸附量变化趋势影响不大。     

High specificity detection of Pb2+ ions by p-SCN-Bz-DTPA immunogen and p-NH2-Bn-DTPA coating antigen

Only one bifunctional metal-chelator was used to prepare immunogen and coating antigen in all of the previous researches. However, the antibody-specific recognition to the spacer arm of the bifunctional metal- chelator might lower the specificity of heavy metal ions immunoassay. Two different bifunctional metal-chelators were adopted to prepare the immunogen and coating antigen respectively in our study to avoid this problem. The conjugates of keyhole limpet hemocyanin （KLH） and p-SCN-Bz-DTPA-Pb were used as immunogen, whereas the conjugates of bovine sentrn albumin （BSA） and p- NH2-Bn-DTPA-Pb were used as coating antigen. Poly- clonal antibodies specific to DTPA-Pb chelates were obtained from rabbits. Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was adopted to detect Pb^2＋ ion solutions prepared by Pb^2＋ standard solution and ultrapure water. In the mixing microplate, DTPA and Pb2＋ ions formed chelates and combined with specific anti- bodies. After incubation, the DTPA-Pb and the antibodies complex were added into the wells of the reaction microplate. The reaction microplate was coated by the conjugates ofBSA andp-NH2-DTPA-Pb, which competed for the specific antibodies. The result signals presented a good sigmoid curve when the Pb^2＋ concentration ranges from 0.01 to 100mg·L^-1 The IC50 of the indirect competitive ELISA is 0.23±0.04mg·L^-1 Pb2＋ ion. The cross-reaction with Cd^2＋, Cu^2＋, Fe^2＋, Mn^2＋, Zn^2＋, and other divalent ions were less than 5%.     

第五届中国国际安全生产及职业健康展览会将在北京举行

中国经济高速发展,安全生产及职业健康工作得到国家有关部门的高度重视,安全生产装备和个体防护用品产业在中国迎来前所未有的历史机遇期。     

基于O3/AC耦合工艺对丁基黄药与COD的同步去除性能及降解机理

针对臭氧氧化技术处理含丁基黄药废水COD去除率低等问题,提出了O₃/AC耦合工艺。在探讨单独、耦合工艺的丁基黄药去除率和COD去除率、反应影响因素和降解路径的基础上,进一步发掘该耦合工艺对丁基黄药及COD的同步去除性能。结果表明：臭氧(O₃)及活性炭(AC)的单独作用均对丁基黄药或COD有一定的去除效果,通过O₃/AC的耦合作用则可使丁基黄药的去除率达99.9%,亦使COD的去除率由O₃单独作用下的42.9%显著提升至77.2%,且实现最高去除率的时间由AC单独处理所需的80 min缩减至30~40 min;拟一级反应动力学分析结果表明,丁基黄药的反应速率常数表现为$k{_\text{(O3/AC)}}$>$k{_\text{O3}}$>k_AC,COD的反应速率常数表现为$k{_\text{(O3/AC)}}$>k_AC>$k{_\text{O3}}$,O₃/AC耦合工艺去除丁基黄药及COD的反应速率常数均大于两种单独处理工艺;紫外-可见(UV-vis)光谱分析表明丁基黄药在O₃、O₃/AC作用下生成中间有机产物,结合GC-MS对产物的鉴定结果表明其中间有机产物可能为丁酸等物质,并以此对O₃/AC耦合工艺同步去除丁基黄药及COD的降解路径进行了初步推测。     

我国食品加工制造业水污染物排放标准存在问题及欧盟经验的启示

详细介绍了食品加工制造业的废水来源及特点,系统梳理了我国相关行业已经发布及正在制修订的水污染物排放标准情况,并就标准的适用范围、控制项目及限值进行了讨论。结果表明：我国相关行业水污染物排放标准适用范围覆盖不全面且存在交叉现象;不同标准的控制项目及限值类似,在一定程度影响了食品加工制造业水污染物排放的有效控制。为此,研究了欧盟食品加工制造业污染防治管理制度、产排污分析方法及全过程污染防治的理念;分析了欧盟该行业水污染物的排放控制。提出了我国开展该行业水污染物排放标准制修订工作的建议：强化全过程污染控制理念,增强产排污分析的科学性、系统性和改进水污染物排放标准体系设置。     

Impact of common cytostatic drugs on pollen fertility in higher plants

Cytostatic drugs are among the most toxic chemicals which are produced. Many of them cause damage of the genetic material which may affect the fertility of higher organisms. To study the impact of the widely used anticancer drugs [cisplatin (CisPt), etoposide (Et), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)] on the reproduction of higher plants, pollen abortion experiments were conducted with species which belong to major plant families, namely with Tradescantia paludosa (Commelinaceae), Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae), Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae), and Alisma plantago-aquatica (Alismataceae). All compounds increased the frequencies of abortive grains. The lowest effective doses were in general in a narrow range (i.e., 1 and 10 mg/kg of dry soil). The effects of the individual drugs were similar in T. paludosa, A. plantago-aquatica, and Ch. majus, while A. thaliana was consistently less sensitive. The highest abortion rate was obtained in most experiments with CisPt, followed by 5-FU and Et. Comparisons of the doses which caused effects in the present experiments in the different species with the predicted environment concentrations and with the levels of the cytostatics which were detected in hospital wastewaters show that the realistic environmental concentrations of the drugs are 4–6 orders of magnitude lower. Therefore, it is unlikely that these drugs affect the fertility of higher plants in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.     

Overexpressing GSH1 and AsPCS1 simultaneously increases the tolerance and accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in Arabidopsis thaliana

The goal of this study was to develop transgenic plants with increased tolerance for and accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids from soil by simultaneous overexpression of AsPCS1 and GSH1 (derived from garlic and baker's yeast) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytochelatins (PCs) and glutathione (GSH) are the main binding peptides involved in chelating heavy metal ions in plants and other living organisms. Single-gene transgenic lines had higher tolerance to and accumulated more Cd and As than wild-type. Compared to single-gene transgenic lines, dual-gene transformants exhibited significantly higher tolerance to and accumulated more Cd and As. One of the dual-gene transgenic lines, PG1, accumulated twice the amount of Cd as single-gene transgenic lines. Simultaneous overexpression of AsPCS1 and GSH1 led to elevated total PC production in transgenic Arabidopsis. These results indicate that such a stacking of modified genes is capable of increasing Cd and As tolerance and accumulation in transgenic lines, and represents a highly promising new tool for use in phytoremediation efforts.     

MBR-RO组合工艺深度处理焦化废水试验研究

采用膜生物反应器-反渗透(MBR-RO)组合工艺对二级生化处理后的焦化废水进行深度处理。考察了MBR单元及RO单元对污染物的去除效果,详细探讨了原水电导率、跨膜压差对RO单元产水率和脱盐率的影响。试验结果表明,该组合工艺运行稳定且处理效果好,处理后的出水水质能满足《工业循环冷却水处理设计规范》(GB 50050—2007)的要求。