Removal of xenobiotics from effluent discharge by adsorption on zeolite and expanded clay: an alternative to activated carbon?

Xenobiotics such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals are an increasingly large problem in aquatic environments. A fixed-bed adsorption filter, used as tertiary stage of sewage treatment, could be a solution to decrease xenobiotics concentrations in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluent. The adsorption efficiency of two mineral adsorbent materials (expanded clay (EC) and zeolite (ZE)), both seen as a possible alternative to activated carbon (AC), was evaluated in batch tests. Experiments involving secondary treated domestic wastewater spiked with a cocktail of ten xenobiotics (eight pharmaceuticals and two pesticides) known to be poorly eliminated in conventional biological process were carried out. Removal efficiencies and partitions coefficients were calculated for two levels of initial xenobiotic concentration, i.e, concentrations lower to 10 μg/L and concentrations ranged from 100 to 1,000 μg/L. While AC was the most efficient adsorbent material, both alternative adsorbent materials showed good adsorption efficiencies for all ten xenobiotics (from 50 to 100 % depending on the xenobiotic/adsorbent material pair). For all the targeted xenobiotics, at lower concentrations, EC presented the best adsorption potential with higher partition coefficients, confirming the results in terms of removal efficiencies. Nevertheless, Zeolite presents virtually the same adsorption potential for both high and low xenobiotics concentrations to be treated. According to this first batch investigation, ZE and EC could be used as alternative absorbent materials to AC in WWTP.     

煤化工企业火炬NOx排放的模拟燃烧实验

针对煤化工企业火炬气燃烧特点,设计了一套模拟燃烧装置,分别研究液化气添加量及燃烧温度对NOx的影响,并对火炬系统NOx的排放系数进行核算。结果表明,火炬系统NOx排放浓度和排放量随液化气添加量的增加而增大;同时研究发现,NOx与燃烧温度之间成正比关系,即温度升高有利于NOx的产生。根据核算结果,火炬系统NOx排放系数在0．099～0．185kg／t之间,平均为0．139kg／t。     

煤化工企业火炬 NOx排放的模拟燃烧实验简

针对煤化工企业火炬气燃烧特点,设计了一套模拟燃烧装置,分别研究液化气添加量及燃烧温度对NO_x的影响,并对火炬系统NO_x的排放系数进行核算。结果表明,火炬系统NO_x排放浓度和排放量随液化气添加量的增加而增大;同时研究发现,NO_x与燃烧温度之间成正比关系,即温度升高有利于NO_x的产生。根据核算结果,火炬系统NO_x排放系数在0.099~0.185 kg/t之间,平均为0.139 kg/t。     

微波联合酸预处理对厨余垃圾酶水解糖化的影响

酶水解糖化是厨余垃圾制造燃料乙醇的关键步骤,对厨余垃圾进行预处理以促进糖化过程,具有重要意义.以学生食堂厨余垃圾为原料,以常规、微波为加热手段,比较不同预处理方式对厨余垃圾酶水解的影响.结果表明,微波加热结合酸性溶剂的预处理方式最有利于厨余垃圾酶水解糖化.考察微波联合酸预处理的影响因素,得到最佳的预处理条件为:溶剂为H2SO4、溶剂浓度3％、微波功率80 W,预处理时间40 min,固液比1∶8,该条件预处理后,与未经预处理的厨余垃圾酶水解糖产量相比,提高46.1％.     

柠檬酸对生物炭钝化污染土壤中重金属稳定性的影响

为了研究生物炭(BC)对重金属复合污染土壤的钝化效果以及环境条件变化后钝化产物的稳定性.在受Cd、Pb和Zn污染的土壤中添加不同比例的生物炭进行土培实验,两个月后,添加不同浓度的柠檬酸模拟植物根际环境条件,分析土壤环境条件变化后重金属钝化产物的稳定性.结果表明,与对照组相比,添加生物炭(5%和8%)显著提高了土壤的pH值、阳离子交换容量(CEC)、土壤有机质(SOM),而有效态重金属和重金属毒性浸出浓度均显著降低,且后者低于其国际标准.添加柠檬酸后,土壤pH值随柠檬酸浓度的增加呈现下降趋势;生物炭的添加比例一定时,有效态Cd(DTPA-Cd)和Cd的毒性浸出浓度(TCLP-Cd)随柠檬酸浓度的增加呈现先降低(2 mmol·kg~(-1))后升高(10、20 mmol·kg~(-1))的趋势,而有效铅(DTPA-Pb)和有效态锌(DTPA-Zn)随柠檬酸浓度的增加而上升.柠檬酸浓度一定时,有效态重金属和重金属毒性浸出浓度随生物炭的添加比例的增加而降低,当生物炭的添加比例大于5%时,TCLP-Cd和TCLP-Zn虽有所上升(与无柠檬酸相比),但均低于其国际标准.可见,生物炭可对重金属污染土壤进行有效修复,但随着环境条件的变化,被钝化的重金属会发生解吸和溶解释放,从而增强其生物有效性和环境风险,但当生物炭的添加比例较高时,会一定程度抑制重金属的解吸和溶解释放,Cd和Zn的环境风险仍处于可接受的安全水平.     

In vivo evaluation and comparison of developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of perfluoroalkyl compounds using Xenopus embryos

Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are environmental toxicants that persistently accumulate in human blood. Their widespread detection and accumulation in the environment raise concerns about whether these chemicals might be developmental toxicants and teratogens in ecosystem. We evaluated and compared the toxicity of PFCs of containing various numbers of carbon atoms (C8–11 carbons) on vertebrate embryogenesis. We assessed the developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of various PFCs. The toxic effects on Xenopus embryos were evaluated using different methods. We measured teratogenic indices (TIs), and investigated the mechanisms underlying developmental toxicity and teratogenicity by measuring the expression of organ-specific biomarkers such as xPTB (liver), Nkx2.5 (heart), and Cyl18 (intestine). All PFCs that we tested were found to be developmental toxicants and teratogens. Their toxic effects were strengthened with increasing length of the fluorinated carbon chain. Furthermore, we produced evidence showing that perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFuDA) are more potent developmental toxicants and teratogens in an animal model compared to the other PFCs we evaluated [perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)]. In particular, severe defects resulting from PFDA and PFuDA exposure were observed in the liver and heart, respectively, using whole mount in situ hybridization, real-time PCR, pathologic analysis of the heart, and dissection of the liver. Our studies suggest that most PFCs are developmental toxicants and teratogens, however, compounds that have higher numbers of carbons (i.e., PFDA and PFuDA) exert more potent effects.     

废棉布制备活性炭影响因素与机理研究

研究了采用磷酸活化法制备废棉布活性炭的工艺条件。研究表明,废棉布活性炭吸附能力随着磷酸浓度、浸渍时间、活化温度和活化时间的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势。最佳制备条件为:磷酸浓度40%,浸渍时间24 h,活化温度500℃,活化时间30 min。此时制备的废棉布活性炭性能优于商品活性炭。另外,通过对最佳浓度磷酸浸渍的废棉布进行热失重分析,对磷酸活化废棉布制备活性炭机理开展了初步研究,研究表明磷酸活化废棉布制备活性炭过程分为水分蒸发阶段、炭化阶段、过渡阶段、活化阶段和煅烧阶段。     

底泥生长基质中重金属的迁移特征及生物有效性

河道底泥中重金属含量较高,重金属的迁移性及生物有效性是限制疏浚底泥土地施用或用作废弃场地修复基质资源化利用途径的主要因素。以沈阳细河待疏浚底泥为材料,通过盆栽实验的方法研究了河道底泥与碱性粉煤灰、炉渣和锯木屑配比基质中重金属在紫花苜蓿体内累积、迁移及生物有效性的变化。结果发现,配比底泥基质上紫花苜蓿生物量、株高及株径均好于纯底泥处理,其中底泥、粉煤灰、炉渣、锯木屑以2：0．5：0．5：0．5配比的s2处理中紫花苜蓿生物量是纯底泥处理的11．7倍。与底泥对照相比,配比底泥基质上植株体内重金属含量极显著降低,而且地上部重金属含量显著低于根部含量;底泥基质中紫花苜蓿地上部和根部对Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的富集系数（BCF）显著低于底泥处理,但转移系数（TF）无显著变化,富集系数（BCF）和转移系数（TF）均小于1．0。紫花苜蓿种植后底泥基质中重金属含量显著低于农用污泥重金属控制标准,除Cd含量略高外,Cu、Pb和Zn含量低于土壤环境质量三级标准。这些结果表明,城市重污染河道底泥经过合理处置后,重金属浓度、活性及生物有效性降低,在其土地施用或废弃地修复中可以用作一些耐性植物的生长基质。     

青岛环胶州湾地区暴雨特征及暴雨灾害风险分析

通过37年(1971-2007年)的气候资料分析了青岛地区暴雨气候特征和暴雨发生概率及重现期分布特征。基于暴雨是对青岛地区城市建设和发展影响较大的气象灾害,结合1984-2007年的暴雨灾情普查资料,进行了暴雨气象风险评估。总的看来,青岛环湾地区暴雨灾害风险最高的地区在崂山区、胶南市和市北区。