沿海城市降水中总汞及汞同位素特征研究

大气汞沉降是汞从排放源进入地表系统最主要的迁移途径,利用汞同位素追踪汞在大气中的迁移转化规律及潜在来源对研究汞的生物地球化学循环具有重要意义.本研究于2012—2013年对厦门市小坪、坂头、鼓浪屿和洪文站点降水中总汞(THg)浓度和汞同位素的变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,厦门降水中THg浓度为1.0～59.4 ng·L~(-1),大气THg湿沉降量为13.1μg·m~(-2)·a~(-1).厦门冷、暖季降水中THg浓度相当,但由于暖季丰沛的降水量,导致暖季THg的湿沉降量约为冷季的2.5倍.降水样品中均表现出负的偶数汞同位素质量分馏(δ~(202)Hg,-2.2‰～-1.5‰)、正的奇数汞同位素非质量分馏(Δ~(199)Hg,0.08‰～0.22‰),以及轻微偏正的偶数汞同位素非质量分馏(Δ~(200)Hg,0.01‰～0.07‰).厦门降水中奇数汞同位素非质量分馏是大气汞液相光致还原反应的结果.偶数汞同位素非质量分馏不明显与其处于较低的纬度有关.厦门降水中δ~(202)Hg接近于厦门当地及贵州燃煤烟气中的δ~(202)Hg值,表明厦门降水中汞可能受到本地或传输过来的燃煤排放的影响.     

7种树木的叶片微形态与空气悬浮颗粒吸附及重金属累积特征

为揭示树木叶片微形态与吸附空气悬浮颗粒及累积重金属的关系,在淮南市交通繁忙点选择银杏等7种树木进行实验.分析了:①叶片吸附不同粒径空气悬浮颗粒的百分率;②单位叶面积吸附不同粒径颗粒的质量与叶片微形态的关系;③单位叶面积不同粒径颗粒吸附量与重金属累积量的相关性.结果表明,叶片面积小、表皮角质丰富和细胞壁凸凹不平、无表皮毛阻挡、气孔密、气孔口大的树木,属气孔吸附主导型,主要吸附细颗粒物;表皮毛多的树木,属表皮吸附主导型,主要吸附粗颗粒物.7种树木叶片累积重金属除铅外都具显著差异,其中银杏、女贞、香樟对重金属的累积能力较强;7种树木叶片对Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu这5种重金属及总含量的累积与单位面积吸附的可吸入颗粒量呈正相关,d10与d2.5、d10与d1.0、d2.5与d1.0的相关系数分别是0.987、0.971、0.996,达到极显著水平,d2.5/d10、d1.0/d10、d1.0/d2.5的值分别是0.844、0.763、0.822,表明由交通污染产生的颗粒物主要是细颗粒物.     

北京地区村镇建筑防火现状调查与分析

火灾统计资料显示农村地区建筑面临比城市地区要高的火灾风险。为了掌握北京周边农村地区村镇建筑防火情况,保护农村地区人民生命财产安全,有效预防村镇建筑火灾,从村镇规划及布局、消防安全现状、户舍基本情况以及户舍内外的火灾载荷调查入手,对北京周边区县村镇建筑防火现状进行调查与分析。分析调查结果,发现该地区村镇建筑防火条件薄弱,与相关规范差距很大,人员消防意识淡薄,火灾隐患大。根据调查结果提出了有效的防火改进措施。     

三氯乙醛的光降解反应研究

研究了太阳光照下,水溶液中FeC l3-三氯乙醛的光化学反应速率,采用紫外分光光度计定时对含有不同浓度Fe（Ⅲ）的溶液进行实验测定,并根据三氯乙醛标准溶液曲线进行分析。实验结果表明,在波长为480nm的紫外光照射下：室内自然光下含有Fe（Ⅲ）和室外太阳光下不含Fe（Ⅲ）的三氯乙醛溶液中,三氯乙醛的浓度基本保持不变;但在室外太阳光下含有Fe（Ⅲ）的三氯乙醛溶液中,三氯乙醛的浓度随着Fe（Ⅲ）浓度的增加而减小。由此表明,Fe（Ⅲ）是三氯乙醛光化学反应的催化剂,FeC l3-三氯乙醛的光化学反应随着Fe（Ⅲ）浓度的增加而加快。     

Lake area changes in the middle Yangtze region of China over the 20th century

The Jianghan Plain and the Dongting lake area, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are famous for their abundant freshwater lakes. The lakes have undergone changes in size and number over thousands of years due to natural causes and human activities. The 20th century particularly, witnessed dramatic changes in the freshwater resources of this region. This paper traces and analyzes lake evolution in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River over the past century. Lakes greater than 0.1 km(2) in size are mapped using Geographic Information System. Data is acquired and integrated from drainage network maps, relief maps, historical maps and remotely sensed images for different time periods. The results indicate that while there has been little change in the number of lakes over the past century, the lake area has experienced a dramatic decrease of 58.06%. The paper also examines the natural processes and human activities that may have contributed to the decrease in lake area. The results show that the decrease in total lake area appears to coincide with periods of rapid land reclamation in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Moreover, uncontrolled land reclamation activities can create an increase in sediment deposition in lakes thereby further reducing the lake size. Reduction of the lake area directly affects flood-control and has a negative ecological impact on the environment and on human life and property.     

利用造纸污泥制备两性木质素絮凝剂的研究

从造纸污泥中回收木质素,经磺化制得木质素磺酸盐,再与用三乙胺和环氧氯丙烷反应制得的季铵盐单体接枝共聚合成出两性木质素絮凝剂.探讨了催化剂、活化时间、反应物投料比、接枝温度和时间等因素对产品脱色性能的影响.将产品用于多种模拟染料溶液的脱色处理中,结果表明,该法制备的两性木质索絮凝剂对多种染料具有良好的脱色效果,脱色率均达...     

尾矿库溃坝淹没范围的定量计算方法研究

为降低人造高势能饱和体-尾矿库在金属非金属矿山安全生产中的危险,提高尾矿库工程溃决的预报预测水平,以溃坝洪水与泥浆的动力学过程作为研究重点,以溃坝洪水运动为主线,综合运用水文学、水动力学等运动理论和有限差分数值计算方法,建立描述尾矿库溃决泥浆运动的数值模型,研究得到尾矿库溃坝淹没范围的定量评估方法。最后进行实际工程预测,计算表明该模型和计算方法可为尾矿库溃坝风险等级的划分提供依据。     

变质岩填料在生物法处理高浓度淀粉废水中的研究

为了处理淀粉加工过程中产生的大量高浓度有机废水,采用可移动的新型生物处理器,即"厌氧-好氧一体式高浓度有机废水处理器"对淀粉废水进行处理.为了提高反应器的处理效率,将无机矿物变质岩作为好氧微生物生长的填料.对变质岩的表面结构进行了微生物挂膜前、挂膜后的SEM分析,并考察了不同反应室对COD的去除效果.结果表明,高浓度马铃薯淀粉废水在25-35℃.pH=5.0-8.0,水力停留时间为9 h时.经处理反应器的出水COD可降到120mg/L,COD总去除率达到95%以上,出水水质能达标排放.     

电子废弃物资源化及其环境污染研究进展——多溴二苯醚的检测技术、浓度分布及环境效应

电子废弃物中的多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)因其环境持久性、可远距离传输、生物累积性及内分泌干扰等特性,已成为环境中一类广泛存在的有毒有害物质.综述了电子废弃物中PBDEs的分析技术及浓度分布最新研究,揭示了中国原始粗放型电子废弃物处理方式所导致的PBDEs环境污染,并对该领域未来研究的重点进行了展望.     

The influences of climate and hydrology on population dynamics of waterbirds in the lower Murrumbidgee River floodplains in Southeast Australia: Implications for environmental water management

Restoration of waterbird diversity and abundance is a key objective of river system management in Australia. Therefore, understanding the effects of climatic and hydrological variables on waterbird population dynamics is fundamental for successful river restoration programs. We investigated the population dynamics of waterbirds (total abundance) and seven functional waterbird groups in the floodplains of lower Murrumbidgee River. We found a general declining abundance trend from 1983 to 2007, except for the deep water foragers. We modelled the relative contribution of the climatic and hydrological factors to waterbird population decrease using the generalized additive model (GAM) framework after identifying the negative binomial distribution. Most of the seven functional groups were positively related to both annual rainfall and water usage, defined as the total water volume intercepted by the river reach, and the models indicated that rainfall was slightly more important. Temperature also played a role in waterbird abundance: the maximum summer temperature negatively influenced the abundance of dabbling ducks, shoreline foragers and fish eaters, while the minimum winter temperature positively affected the abundance of dabbling ducks and shoreline foragers. Overall, our results support the practice of providing environmental water for sustaining waterbird populations. However, environmental water provision is likely to be most effective when timed to coincide with antecedent rainfall.