结构分析中模拟与仿真技术研究

由于像洪水、水灾、地震这样一类自然灾害的原型重复试验几乎是不可能的,因此计算机仿真技术在这一领域的应用具有重要的意义。本文探索了土木工程中模拟与仿真的概念、特征及实现途径,阐述了关于仿真智能化、可视化的技术细节及仿真的基本思路;结合面向对象程序设计（OOP）概念,提出了结构分析程序设计的原则及标准。在此基础上,编写了基于Windows的结构有限元分析软件SmartSEA.     

铝铁锡共聚物的合成及其特性研究

合成制备了铝铁锡共聚物,测定分析了其水解共聚合和熟化过程中的pH变化,并通过扫描电镜和混凝实验对共聚物的晶形貌像和絮凝作用进行了研究。结果表明：Sn^4 具有比Fe^3 ,Al^3 更强的水解活性,它有使共聚物的分子趋于均一的作用;铝铁锡共聚物的最佳配比为：NAl∶NFe∶NSn=5∶5∶3,最佳水解度B^*＝2．0,此共聚物具有比CPAFC更优良的絮凝性能。     

Reproduction in a simultaneous hermaphroditic shrimp, Lysmata wurdemanni: any two will do?

The caridean shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni (Gibbes) displays protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism with out-crossing, but not all males become simultaneous hermaphrodites (euhermaphrodites). In this laboratory study, we attempted to determine why some shrimp remain males. In our experiment, we grew L. wurdemanni from postlarvae to adults in several group sizes and observed their reproductive function. We found that all shrimp reared in isolation become euhermaphrodites. When cultured in a group, the proportion of shrimp remaining male decreased with increasing group size. Except for those that mated within a day, inter-molt euhermaphrodite-phase shrimp (with or without embryos) and inter-molt male-phase shrimp fertilized eggs successfully. On the other hand, euhermaphrodite shrimp can only mate as females and have their eggs fertilized during a narrow post-molt window (less than 12 h) in each molt cycle (10 days). The fertilization rate of male-euhermaphrodite pairs was similar to that of euhermaphrodite-euhermaphrodite pairs. There are at least two non-exclusive explanations for the persistence of male shrimp in a group. In certain group compositions, an individual may gain more reproductive fitness as a large male with multiple mating partners than as a small female with low clutch size. Alternatively, the presence of male-phase individuals, with variable molt-cycle duration (5-8 days), may be necessary to ensure mating. This study is the first direct experimental demonstration of social control of sex change in the decapod crustaceans.     

TEOM法与实验室称重法监测大气中TSP的对比研究

用数理统计的方法计算出TEOM法与称重法监测结果的偏差,用F检验法检验TEOM法与称重法监测结果之间的致性,用r检测法检验TEOM法与称重法监测结果之间的相关性,用t检验法检验TEOM法与称重法监测结果之间的差异,通过对比研究,找出TEOM法与称重法之间的相互关系和规律。     

羧甲基-β-环糊精对土壤中萘的洗脱去除作用

研究了不同浓度的羧甲基－β－环糊精溶液对不同组分土壤中萘的洗脱去除作用,同非离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚的洗脱去除作用比较,讨论了其对洗脱效果的影响因素．结果表明:羧甲基－β－环糊精溶液对土壤中的萘有较好的洗脱去除效果,２０ｇ·１－１的羧甲基－β－环糊精溶液的洗脱率可达９０%以上;洗脱液浓度和土壤质地是影响洗脱去除率的主要因素;适当地增加洗脱液浓度对洗脱去除率有显著提高;与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚相比,以羧甲基－β－环糊精溶液作为增溶试剂,对土壤中的弱极性有机污染物进行洗脱处理具有更好的效果     

Histopathological changes in zebrafish embryos exposed to DLPCBs extract from Zhanjiang coastal sediment

Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs) are ubiquitous persistent pollutants that cause adverse effects in many environmental organisms. DLPCBs in marine sediments can be absorbed by benthic organisms, bioaccumulate, and biomagnify through the food chain and threaten animal and human health. There are no reports of DLPCBs concentrations in the Zhanjiang Gulf seabed. This study was designed to investigate the concentration of DLPCBs in the Zhanjiang coastal sediment and histopathological changes in zebrafish (Diano rerio) embryos exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of DLPCBs. Of the five sites selected, two sites TS and JSW contained DLPCBs at concentrations of 0.08 and 22.54 ng/g dry sediment, respectively. Two groups of zebrafish embryos were used. One group was exposed to 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 mg/ml of DLPCBs extracted from the sediments sampled from the TS site and the second group to 4.375, 8.75, 17.5, 35, and 70 mg/ml of DLPCBs from JSW site from 0.75 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf. The zebrafish exposed to 60 and 70 mg/ml of DLPCBs at 96 hpf displayed gross histopathological changes with cardiac lesions including pericardial edema being the most deleterious. Other changes observed were hydropic degeneration of gill filaments and hepatocytes, loss of intestinal folds, and uninflated swim bladder. It appears that only a few sites of the Zhanjiang gulf are contaminated with DLPCBs. This is the first report of histopathological changes in the gills, hepatocytes, intestines, heart, and the swim bladder in zebrafish embryos exposed to DLPCBs from a coastal sediment. Further studies with sampling at different stages of development are required to identify which organ/tissue is most sensitive to DLPCBs.     

江苏省空气质量预报准确度及改进方法分析

介绍了江苏省重污染天气监测预报预警系统以及大气重污染预警会商流程,将2015年13个地级市的模式预报、人工预报结果分别与实际观测值进行比较。结果表明:人工预报更准确,PM_(2.5)日均值、臭氧日最大8 h平均值、AQI 3个指标人工预报和实况的相关性分别比模式预报高出12.8%、0.3%、11.4%,平均标准误差(MNE)分别低20.7%、3.1%、23.1%。依据国家空气质量预报技术指南评分办法,对各市2015年全年空气质量级别为"良"时进行评分。通过开展07∶00预报更新,使2015年上半年空气质量预报级别得分平均提高了0.9分,全年级别得分平均提高了2.6分;通过改进模式预报参数,使PM_(2.5)日均预报值、臭氧日最大8 h平均预报值、AQI预报值和实际观测值的相关性比上年同期分别提高26.0%、5.0%、33.9%,MNE分别降低3.6%、31.3%、7.6%。     

杭州城区环境空气中二口恶英浓度状况研究

依据2009年7月至2012年2月连续3年对杭州城区环境空气中二英（PCDD/Fs）采样分析结果得知,杭州城区环境空气中二英毒性当量质量浓度变化范围为0.13～0.55 pg TEQ/m³,均值为0.34 pg TEQ/m³。城区环境空气中二英浓度季节变化不显著,夏季略低于冬季;城区范围内不同功能区之间二英浓度差别不显著;连续3年监测结果未显现二英年度变化趋势。沙尘暴天气环境空气中二英浓度显著增高,日常天气和烟花爆竹集中燃放天气环境空气中二英形态分布存在明显区别,烟花爆竹集中燃放期间八氯代二苯并-对-二英（OCDD）占总质量浓度比例显著提高。利用IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0统计软件对24个监测结果聚类分析发现,杭州城区环境空气中二英的同类物分布具有明显的“源”分布特征。     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定印染废水中氨氮的影响因素

采用气相分子吸收法光谱测定印染废水中的氨氮,并对相关影响因素进行探讨。结果证实,硫化物和尿素会对氨氮的测定产生负干扰,硫化物干扰可用乙酸锌-乙酸钠固定液沉淀法去除,尿素干扰可以用稀释法去除,但仅适用于氨氮质量浓度0.10 mg/L且稀释后尿素质量浓度≤100 mg/L的水样;苯胺、浊度和色度对测定无干扰,可直接检测。