Effects of an iron-silicon material,a synthetic zeolite and an alkaline clay on vegetable uptake of As and Cd from a polluted agricultural soil and proposed remediation mechanisms

Economic and highly effective methods of in situ remediation of Cd and As polluted farmland in mining areas are urgently needed. Pot experiments with Brassica chinensis L. were carried out to determine the effects of three soil amendments [a novel iron-silicon material (ISM), a synthetic zeolite (SZ) and an alkaline clay (AC)] on vegetable uptake of As and Cd. SEM–EDS and XRD analyses were used to investigate the remediation mechanisms involved. Amendment with ISM significantly reduced the concentrations of As and Cd in edible parts of B. chinensis (by 84–94 % and 38–87 %, respectively), to levels that met food safety regulations and was much lower than those achieved by SZ and AC. ISM also significantly increased fresh biomass by 169–1412 % and 436–731 % in two consecutive growing seasons, while SZ and AC did not significantly affect vegetable growth. Correlation analysis suggested that it was the mitigating effects of ISM on soil acidity and on As and Cd toxicity, rather than nutrient amelioration, that contributed to the improvement in plant growth. SEM–EDS analysis showed that ISM contained far more Ca, Fe and Mn than did SZ or AC, and XRD analysis showed that in the ISM these elements were primarily in the form of silicates, oxides and phosphates that had high capacities for chemisorption of metal(loid)s. After incubation with solutions containing 800 mg L^?1 AsO₄ ^2? or Cd²⁺, ISM bound distinctly higher levels of As (6.18 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) and Cd (7.21 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) compared to SZ and AC. XRD analysis also showed that ISM facilitated the precipitation of Cd²⁺ as silicates, phosphates and hydroxides, and that arsenate combined with Fe, Al, Ca and Mg to form insoluble arsenate compounds. These precipitation mechanisms were much more active in ISM than in SZ or AC. Due to the greater pH elevation caused by the abundant calcium silicate, chemisorption and precipitation mechanisms in ISM treatments could be further enhanced. That heavy metal(loid)s fixation mechanisms of ISM ensure the remediation more irreversible and more resilient to environmental changes. With appropriate application rate and proper nutrients supplement, the readily available and economic ISM is a very promising amendment for safe crop production on multi-metal(loids) polluted soils.     

Spatiotemporal changes and fragmentation of mangroves and its effects on fish diversity in Ca Mau Province (Vietnam)

Mangroves are important economically and ecologically, however mangrove cover has declined dramatically leading to habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss. Information on mangrove cover change, fragmentation and impacts on fish diversity is poorly understood. The aims of this study are to detect spatiotemporal changes and mangrove status, examine fragmentation changes and associated effects on fish diversity. Landsat images in1989, 2000, and 2013 were used to classify mangrove cover in Ca Mau Province (Vietnam) and validated against high resolution Pleiades imagery. Fragmentation changes in mangrove cover were examined using series of landscape metrics evaluated against fish diversity indices (Simpson’s index, Jaccard’s coefficient and relative abundance). Results show that mangrove cover has declined 24.6% in the province. Currently, high and moderately dense mangroves distribute in southern half of the region while the low density mangroves occurs in the northern half. Over the 24 year study periods, the number of patches and edge density has increased 58% and 53.9%, respectively, while the mean patch size and mean patch edge has decreased 52.3% and 26.6%. Fish diversity in the more highly fragmented mangrove area was 1.78 times lower than the less fragmented mangrove. The study illustrates the applicability of using Landsat satellite imagery for use in mangrove fragmentation studies as well as the impact of fragmentation.     

华北山区温度推算模式和应用

利用华北山区气象站观测的温度与其所在纬度、经度和高度，分山区建立宏观地面气温场方程。采用１：２０万地形图，以１０＇经、纬度为步长，判读其高度值，代入已建立好的方程中，经地形项订正，推算华北山区年、月平均温度、年较差和ΣＴ＇≥１０℃，其精度达极显著水平。计算结果使我们对华北山区热量资源有了新的认识，最后求算华北山区的主要水果最优品质种植上限高度。     

锅炉烟气脱硫技术发展综述

在调查研究的基础上，论述国内外烟道气脱硫技术的发展与前景，提出开发生产适合我国国情的烟气脱硫技术势在必行。还简要介绍了最为普遍的石灰／石灰石法脱硫基本原理。     

乌鲁木齐市近年来大气降尘变化规律及空间分布特征

基于乌鲁木齐市多年监测的降尘数据,对乌鲁木齐市城区的降尘量进行了统计分析,得出了乌鲁木齐市近10年来降尘的总体变化规律;利用方差分析方法检验了不同季节降尘的显著性差异,发现采暖期的降尘量明显大于非采暖期;按行政区分析降尘量的分布变化,结果为不同行政区存在差别;利用秩相关系数法对其进行了趋势分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市的降尘呈下降趋势。利用Arc GIS9.3中的普通克里格插值方法绘制了乌鲁木齐市城市自然降尘的空间分布图。     

利用生物操纵与人工湿地技术改善新建大房郢水库水质的实践

2005～2006年,在蓄水初期的大房郢水库采用投放滤食性鱼类鱼种、移殖螺、蚌、浅水区移植沉水植物、上游湿地扩大香蒲生长面积、消落区以上范围栽培杨树林和防护带等生物操纵与人工湿地技术相结合的方法改善水质的研究,结果表明：自2005年以来,该水库未再出现过蓝藻水华,水体富营养化得到了有效控制,水质已基本稳定在中-富营养型水平。由此认为,利用生物操纵与人工湿地技术结合为改善大房郢水库水质发挥了重要作用。     

中国规划环评中协调性分析的作用

协调性分析是规划环境影响评价的重要组成部分,它的分析对象是被评价的规划草案及其相关的政策、法规、规划等。在以规划草案为评估对象的环境影响评价中,协调性分析能够起到两种作用：解释制定规划草案的“政策背景环境”,和检查规划草案是否存在资源保护、环境保护方面的缺陷和不足。这两种作用不能被截然分开。协调性分析的目的是帮助环评单位和公众更好地理解规划制定的背景,以及使规划环评针对草案的缺陷与不足提出相应的环境目标和环境保护对策。分析结果一般可以使用矩阵来表示。如果规划环评可以早期介入到规划的制定中,描述“政策背景环境”和制定可选择性方案这两个程序就可以达到协调性分析的目的．因此不再需要进行专门的协调性分析。     

2-氯酚驯化对厌氧污泥微生物种群结构的影响

用古细菌特异性引物ARC21F/ARC958R和酸杆菌特异性引物31F/907R,对2.氯酚(2-chlorophenol,2-CP)驯化前后厌氧颗粒污泥样品总DNA进行了16S rDNA的聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PeR)、克隆、测序及序列分析,研究了2-CP驯化前后厌氧颗粒污泥中微生物种群结构的变化.结果表明,2-CP驯化前后厌氧颗粒污泥中存在共有的古细菌菌种:Methanothrix soehngenii、Methanosaeta concilii 及 uncultured euryarchaeote 等.2-CP驯化后的厌氧污泥中出现了特有的微生物Methanobacterium aarhusense、Methanobacterium curvum及 Methanobacterium beijingense等,而接种污泥中特有的一些古细菌发生了消亡.对该厌氧体系酸杆菌的分析表明,2-CP驯化前后的厌氧颗粒污泥中存在共有的微生物菌种:uncultured bacterium、unculturedAcidobacterium和unknown Actinomycete(MC 9).经2-CP驯化后,接种污泥中特有的微生物Desulfotomaculum sp.176、uncultured Deltaproteobacterium n8d及uncultured bydrocarbon seep bacterium等发生消亡,并出现了特有的微生物uncultured Holophage/Acidobacterium、uncultured Acidobacteria bacterium及unidentified Acidobacterium.     

贵州省遵义地区降水中低分子有机酸及其来源

甲酸和乙酸是大气对流层中广泛存在的低分子有机酸.降水中有机酸的研究是认识C、H、O等元素生物地球化学循环和酸雨成因的重要内容.贵州省遵义地区是我国酸雨高发地区,在遵义市进行了为期1 a的降水采集,并利用离子色谱法和原子吸收法分别对降水中主要阴离子(包括有机和无机)和阳离子进行了测定.结果显示.pH的年均值为4.11,表明遵义市酸雨形势依然严峻;甲酸和乙酸的的雨量加权平均值分别为9.29 ìmol稬-1(范围:0.15～46.14 ìmol稬-1)和6.47ìmol!L-1(范围:0.02～19.11 ìmol稬-1),占阴离子总址的4.10%,二者的相天系数达到0.86.说明甲酸和乙酸具有共同的来源.在一次降雨事件中,有机酸的浓度一般随降雨时间的延长而降低,但在降雨中后期有时会出现上升的现象,表明有机酸主要来自云下淋滤作用,少数情况下来自大气远距离的传输.遵义市区的山间盆地地形、高湿度、低风速、以尘埃为主的大气污染物等特点为有机酸来源于当地创造了条件.应用气液平衡的原理,提出了降水中甲酸、乙酸比值(F/A)aq的有机酸来源判定方法.发现遵义降水中的有机酸春季和冬季主要来自人类活动的释放.夏季和秋季则主要来自植物的释放.     

淹水过程不同土层磷的释放研究

采用土槽模拟实验研究了淹水土壤不同土层磷释放特征及影响因素。实验结果表明:淹水土壤不同土层磷释放呈锯齿状交替变化,但释放量有很大差异,中层释放量最低,上和下层释放量较高,最大磷浓度分别为0.0336mg/L和0.0517mg/L;而不同土层溶液中的亚铁和总铁量正好与之相反,中层铁释放量最大,上层次之,下层最低,且中层释铁量明显高于上层和下层;不同土层溶液随淹水时间pH趋于中性,Eh降低,其中中层溶液Eh下降的幅度大;淹水土壤溶液中各种不同形态铁的氧化物,如因水解和氧化形成的水铁矿以及蓝铁矿在一定程度上影响了土壤磷的释放;同时淹水增加了磷的扩散,地下水有一定量的磷累积。