Insights into the formation of secondary organic carbon in the summertime in urban Shanghai

To investigate formation mechanisms of secondary organic carbon(SOC) in Eastern China,measurements were conducted in an urban site in Shanghai in the summer of 2015. A period of high O_3 concentrations(daily peak 120 ppb) was observed, during which daily maximum SOC concentrations exceeding 9.0 μg/(C·m~3). Diurnal variations of SOC concentration and SOC/organic carbon(OC) ratio exhibited both daytime and nighttime peaks. The SOC concentrations correlated well with O_x(= O_3+ NO_2) and relative humidity in the daytime and nighttime, respectively, suggesting that secondary organic aerosol formation in Shanghai is driven by both photochemical production and aqueous phase reactions. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to examine the formation pathways of SOC. Along with the daytime increase of SOC, the number fraction of elemental carbon(EC) particles coated with OC quickly increased from 38.1% to 61.9% in the size range of 250–2000 nm, which was likely due to gas-to-particle partitioning of photochemically generated semi-volatile organic compounds onto EC particles. In the nighttime, particles rich in OC components were highly hygroscopic, and number fraction of these particles correlated well with relative humidity and SOC/OC nocturnal peaks. Meanwhile, as an aqueous-phase SOC tracer, particles that contained oxalate-Fe(III) complex also peaked at night. These observations suggested that aqueous-phase processes had an important contribution to the SOC nighttime formation. The influence of aerosol acidity on SOC formation was studied by both bulk and single particle level measurements, suggesting that the aqueous-phase formation of SOC was enhanced by particle acidity.     

Behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption‐desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure

This work was undertaken to investigate the behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption and desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure. Five kinds of activated carbon from different raw materials were selected. Adsorption isotherms and breakthrough curves for toluene were measured. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were fitted to the equilibrium data, and the Freundlich equation was more suitable for simulating toluene adsorption. The process consisted of monolayer, multilayer and partial active site adsorption types. The effect of the pore structure of the activated carbons on toluene adsorption capacity was investigated. The quasi-first-order model was more suitable for describing the process than the quasi-second-order model. The adsorption data was also modeled by the internal particle diffusion model and it was found that the adsorption process could be divided into three stages. In the external surface adsorption process, the rate depended on the specific surface area. During the particle diffusion stage, pore structure and volume were the main factors affecting adsorption rate. In the final equilibrium stage, the rate was determined by the ratio of meso-and macro-pores to total pore volume. The rate over the whole adsorption process was dominated by the toluene concentration. The desorption behavior of toluene on activated carbons was investigated,and the process was divided into heat and mass transfer parts corresponding to emission and diffusion mechanisms, respectively. Physical adsorption played the main role during the adsorption process.     

邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯对小鼠学习记忆的影响

为研究增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯（DIDP）对小鼠学习和记忆能力的影响,以白藜芦醇（Res）作为保护剂,将42只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为6组,每组7只,分别为：生理盐水组、1.5,15,150mg/（kg·d） DIDP组、20mg/（kg·d） Res组、150mg/（kg·d） DIDP+20mg/（kg·d） Res组.连续灌胃染毒9d,期间同时进行Morris水迷宫实验.第10d将小鼠处死,取出脑组织,检测活性氧簇（ROS）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）的含量.并对小鼠海马体切片进行H&E染色,观察病理变化.结果显示,15,150mg/（kg·d） DIDP染毒可导致小鼠的学习和记忆能力显著低于对照组,同时可诱发脑组织产生氧化应激,并促进炎症因子释放,而Res能有效减弱脑组织氧化应激水平.由上可得,DIDP致小鼠学习和记忆能力下降可能与其引起的脑组织中海马体的氧化损伤有关,同时Res可能通过降低DIDP引起的氧化应激进而减轻其对小鼠造成的学习记忆损伤.     

奥氏体不锈钢紧固件电偶腐蚀原因分析与防护

介绍了奥氏体不锈钢紧固件受湿热环境腐蚀的典型案例,在对304不锈钢与LY12铝合金接触界面上的电偶腐蚀进行失效分析的基础上,进一步讨论了奥氏体不锈钢活化-钝化腐蚀的损伤机理,并提出几种针对性的防护措施。试验表明,存在EMF差的金属连接件经过表面处理后,具有理想的抗腐蚀性能。     

Response of soil microorganisms to vegetational succession in Ziwuling Forest

This study investigates the changes in soil microbial populations as vegetational succession progress from abandoned farmland to climax forest in the Ziwuling Forest, which is located in the northern part of the Loess Plateau, China. Different organic C and total extractable N between the fumigated and non-fumigated soils were assumed to be released from soil microorganisms. Soil microbial C was calculated using Kec = 0.38 and microbial N was calculated using Ken = 0.45. The released P was converted to microbial biomass P using Kep = 0.40. Soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes increased as the vegetational succession progressed. Microbial C was of the highest amount in farmland. Microbial C, N, and P generally increased from abandoned land to climax community. The results indicated significant (P < 0.05) diversities of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation. There was a significant correlation between microbial biomass and soil nutrients. Knowledge about soil microbial populations is important for forecasting vegetational succession and determining the ecological condition of the environment.     

蛋白质模式构建消防战勤保障体系的探讨

战勤保障是一个系统工程,利用蛋白质模式分层次、分功能组建战勤保障中队,不同层级区域战勤保障中心,形成一个多功能的战勤保障网络,在建设中加强评估监督增强战勤保障体系的保障能力.     

复合混凝剂用于夏季太湖水混凝脱浊研究

用特征粘度系列化的聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDM)与聚合氯化铝(PAC)复合得到稳定的复合混凝剂,用于夏季高藻太湖水强化混凝脱浊处理.通过混凝烧杯实验.考察了无机/有机复合比例、PDM特征粘度对脱浊效果及絮团沉淀性能的影响.结果表明,对浊度为30-33 NTU,温度为28～30℃,藻含量为2.6×107个儿的太湖水,在与某市水厂混凝强度相近的搅拌强度下.当达到该水厂2NTU沉淀池出水的余浊标准时,PAC需7.00 mg/L的投加量.质量复合比例为5:1、10:1、20:1的PAC(以Al2O3计)/PDM复合混凝剂所需PAC投加量随PDM特征粘度0.52、1.53、2.46 dL/g的增加分别为3.00-2.83 ms/L、3.50-3.49ms/L、5.37-4.67 mg/L,相对于PAC减少投加量57.14%-59.57%、50%-50.14%、23.29%-33.29%;作为深度处理的技术准备.当沉淀出水浊度要求提高至1NTU的情况下,复合药剂依然可发挥好的作用,PAC需10 mg/L的投加量,PAC(以Al2O3计)与PDM质量复合配比为20:1、10:1、5:1的复合混凝剂需8.33-3.91 mg/L的投加量,能比PAC减少投加量16.7%～60.9%.可见,PDM明显提高了PAC的混凝脱浊效果与沉淀性能,且PAC/PDM质量复合配比越低,PDM特征粘度越高,脱浊效果与沉淀性能越好.     

沈阳市生产(经营)负荷指数探讨研究

研究建立企业生产排污控制与环境质量的关系是总量减排实现科学化的重要途径。本研究应用环境空气监测数据和气象资料建立生产(经营)负荷指数,其目的是根据气象扩散条件,指导排污单位合理生产负荷,使污染物的排放对环境的影响降低到最小。本文详细阐述了生产负荷指数的定义、分级标准、气象扩散条件以及指导排污单位合理安排生产负荷的建议。     

浅析化学事故应急响应专线的发展

纵观国外同类化学事故应急咨询机构30多年的发展经验,结合化学事故应急响应专线的现状,提出了扩大化学事故应急响应专线的服务范围、加强化学事故技术支持体系的建设及加强与国内外同类机构的交流与合作等发展建议。     

活性炭吸附处理洗毛废水的研究

通过活性炭吸附两种不同处理方法处理后的洗毛废水。研究了活性炭的吸附容量和吸附机理。结果表明：活性炭吸附无机酸酸化处理后,废水和高分子絮凝剂处理后,废水中COD的吸附容量分别为：70mg／g和43mg／g。进一步研究发现,两种废水中小分子组分和疏水性组分的含量差异是造成活性炭吸附效果差异的主要原因。