Ecological risks and potential sources of heavy metals in agricultural soils from Huanghuai Plain, China

A total of 224 agricultural soil samples from Huanghuai Plain in China were investigated for the concentrations of seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The mean concentrations of the metals were 12, 0.17, 79, 0.04, 35, 25, and 74 mg/kg, respectively. These values are similar or slightly higher than background values in this region, except for Cd with a mean nearly twice the background value. The estimated ecological risks based on contamination factors and potential ecological risk indexes are also mostly low, but considerable for Cd and Hg. Multivariate analysis (including Pearson's correlation analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and principal component analysis) clearly revealed three distinct metal groups, i.e., Cr/Ni/Zn, As/Cd/Pb, and Hg, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution and pollution characteristics of industries in and around the plain. The main anthropogenic sources for the three metal groups were identified as atmospheric deposition, sewage irrigation/fertilizers usage, and atmospheric deposition/irrigation water, respectively. The present results are well suited for planning, risk assessment, and decision making by environmental managers of this region.     

Passive air sampling of DDT, chlordane and HCB in the Pearl River Delta, South China: implications to regional sources

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the largest fast-developing economic zones in China. Hong Kong and the mainland part of the PRD differed in socio-economic development history and chemical management policies. Polyurethane foam (PUF)-passive air sampling (PAS) was deployed at 21 regional air quality monitoring stations across the PRD in summer and winter, respectively. Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), chlordane and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were analyzed with GC-MS. High total DDT (240-3700 pg m(-3)) and chlordane (100-2600 pg m(-3)) concentrations were observed. Concentrations of DDTs and chlordane were higher in summer than winter; HCB vice versa. Spatially, the mainland part of the PRD generally displayed higher DDT concentrations than Hong Kong. Antifouling paint for fishing ships in coastal China was suggested to be an important current DDT source in the coast. The reason is unknown for the very low trans-/cis-chlordane (TC/CC) ratios (0.27) found in the mainland in winter. HCB concentrations were relatively uniform across the PRD, and long range transport of HCB from inland/North China to the PRD in winter was suggested.     

Exploring of toxic Pb(II) removal by low-cost bio-adsorbent of camphor leaf forestry waste after camphor oil extraction

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Camphor leaf (CL) was widely used to extract camphor oil and thus led to abundant forestry waste. In order to reduce pollution, the waste CL was used...     

铁氧化物/壳聚糖复合纳米纤维的制备及吸附五价砷研究

采用高压静电纺丝方法,制备了新型铁氧化物/壳聚糖复合纳米纤维砷吸附剂.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察结果显示,该纳米纤维的平均直径为(158±24)nm.X射线衍射谱图(XRD)表明,该纳米纤维为无定形结构.所制备的吸附剂在弱酸性或中性条件下对砷吸附率大于93%;吸附速率快,100 min内可达到吸附平衡;吸附剂对低浓度砷有很强的吸附亲和力,可将初始浓度为750μg·L-1的砷降低到10μg·L-1以下的安全饮用水水平;中性条件下吸附砷的最大容量为7.1 mg·g-1,吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型;有机质对吸附的影响较小;吸附剂可用低浓度Na OH洗脱再生.研究结果表明,该吸附剂制备方法简单,易分离再生,在饮用水除砷领域有较好的应用前景.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌抗东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis)的活性

采用毒力生物测定的方法,测定了600株从我国各地土壤和死虫等样品中分离的苏云金芽孢杆菌对东亚飞蝗的毒力.这些菌株几乎分布于已知的70个H血清型.在600株苏云金芽孢杆菌中,有560株(占93.4%)对东亚飞蝗无毒(死亡率小于20%),只有3株(占0.5%)对东亚飞蝗有较高毒性(死亡率大于70%).同时对筛选出的特异性菌株的杀虫活性进行了进一步研究.图2表2参8     

从TM图像自动提取洪涝灾情的研究

1991年夏我国江淮地区发生特大洪涝灾害,本文报道应用TM图像提取洪涝灾情信息的试验研究结果,发展了一套从TM图像数值分析入手,把TM包含的丰富光谱信息转化为洪涝灾情信息的图像应用处理技术.计算机自动输出的滁河和水阳江两流域洪涝灾情分布图和面积数据经实地验证准确可信.     

Deriving sorption indices for the prediction of potential phosphorus loss from calcareous soils

The aim of this study was to develop techniques to evaluate soil phosphorus (P) sorption capacity (PSC) and determine critical soil P levels to predict P loss potential for calcareous soils. Seventy-five soils mostly from Northern China were analyzed for soil P using four extraction methods (water, P_w; carbonate, P_Ols; ammonium oxalate, P_ox; and Mehlich 3, P_M3) as well as PSC derived from single-point (PSC₁₅₀) and multipoint sorption (S _t) isotherms. Strong correlation was found between PSC₁₅₀ and S _t (r ²=0.89, p<0.001). The sum of αCa_M3 and βMg_M3 as an index of PSC (PSC_{(CaM3 + MgM3)}) was most closely related to the maximum amount of P sorbed (S _max) as given by the sum of S _t and soil initial P setting α=0.039 and β=0.462 (r ²=0.80, p<0.001). The degree of P saturation (DPS) was thereafter calculated from PSC_{(CaM3 + MgM3)} (DPS_{(CaM3 + MgM3)}), to which Olsen P (P_Ols) was significantly correlated (r ²=0.82, p<0.001). In a split-line regression from P_w against DPS_{(CaM3 + MgM3)} (r ²=0.87, p<0.05), a change point was identified at 28.1% DPS_{(CaM3 + MgM3)}, which was equivalent to 49.2 mg kg^?1 P_Ols and corresponded to a P_w concentration of 8.8 mg kg^?1. After the change point, a sharp increase in P_w was observed. Our results reveal a new approach to approximating DPS from Ca_M3 and Mg_M3 for calcareous soils without the need to generate a S _max. We conclude that in the absence of an environmental soil test criteria for P, the DPS_{(CaM3 + MgM3)} and P_Ols could be used to predict P loss potential from calcareous soils.     

Distribution of rare earth elements in PM10 emitted from burning coals and soil-mixed coal briquettes

Emission from burning coals is one of the major sources of the airborne particles in China. We carried out a study on the rare earth elements (REEs) in the inhalable particulate matter (PM₁₀) emitted from burning coals and soil-coal honeycomb briquettes with different volatile contents and ash yields in a combustion-dilution system. Gravimetric analysis indicates that the equivalent mass concentration of the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals is higher than that emitted from burning the briquettes. The ICP-MS analysis indicates that the contents of total REEs in the coal-burning PM₁₀ are lower than those in the briquette-burning PM₁₀. In addition, the contents of the light rare earth elements (LREEs) are higher than those of the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) in the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals and briquettes, demonstrating that the REEs in both the coal-burning and briquette-burning PM₁₀ are dominated by LREEs. The higher contents of total REEs and LREEs in the coal-burning PM₁₀ are associated with the higher ash yields and lower volatile contents in the raw coals. A comparative analysis indicates that the La/Sm ratios in the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals and briquettes, being lower than 2, are lower than those in the particles from gasoline-powered vehicle emission.     

宜昌市饮用水源地保护问题及对策

“十一五”全国主要污染物排放总量减少10％已成为约束性指标。面对严峻的形势,尽管社会各界空前重视,但各地减排工作进展不平衡,仍存在经济增长方式仍然粗放、政策措施落实不到位等问题。针对存在问题,提出了加大产业结构调整力度、污染防治资金投入、实施严格的环境准入制度等政策措施,完善减排体系、适时修改国家污染减排核算细则等技术措施,加大环境执法和环境监管力度、减排宣传力度等保障措施。     

遵化地质灾害发育特征及其防治措施

为了查明遵化市地质灾害分布规律和发生机制,通过野外实际调查和搜集相关资料等方法,对辖区内各种地质灾害进行了细致的分析和研究,阐述了产生地质灾害的地质条件和诱发因素,并对今后地质灾害的发展趋势做了可靠性的预测,对地质灾害防治提出建设性意见。遵化市地质灾害以地面塌陷和泥石流危害最大,其防治措施应以预防为主,加强监管力度,并积极做好工程防治工作。